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Record Nr. |
UNINA9910483324103321 |
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Titolo |
Pediatric sedation outside of the operating room : a multispecialty international collaboration / / Keira P. Mason, editor |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Cham, Switzerland : , : Springer, , [2021] |
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©2021 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[Third edition.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (899 pages) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Pediatric anesthesia |
Anestesiologia |
Cirurgia infantil |
Llibres electrònics |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Pediatric Sedation Outside the Operating Room -- 1: The History of Sedation -- Introduction -- Inebriation, Intoxication, Hallucination, and Anesthesia -- A Forme Fruste of the Sedation Continuum -- Ancient History -- Chinese Drug Lore -- Hindu Drugs -- Sumerian Drugs -- Jewish Medicine -- Egyptian Medicine -- Classical History -- Greek Medicine -- Roman Medicine -- Islamic Medicine -- Medieval Medicine -- Ether -- Varied Preparations of Varying Potencies -- The Scientific or Modern Epoch -- The Modern Story of Anesthesia -- "Modern" Sedation and Analgesia Services -- The Future of Sedation -- References -- 2: Sedation Policies, Recommendations, and Guidelines Across the Specialties and Continents -- Introduction -- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Guidelines -- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Policies and Recommendations -- Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) -- The Joint Commission -- American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) Guidelines -- International Committee for the Advancement of Procedural Sedation Consensus Statement on Fasting for Procedural Sedation -- American Dental Association Sedation Guidelines -- British National Health |
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Service Dental Sedation Standards -- Intercollegiate Advisory Committee for Sedation in Dentistry -- American Society of Gastroenterologists -- International Guidelines -- Summary -- References -- 3: Procedural Sedation: Let's Review the Basics -- Introduction -- Questions to Be Asked -- Definitions and Concepts -- Rescue -- Setting -- Personnel -- Equipment -- Monitoring -- Protocols -- Patients -- Procedures -- Other Considerations -- Future Directions -- Conclusion -- Case Studies -- References -- 4: Pre-sedation Assessment -- Introduction -- Pre-sedation Screening -- History -- Physical Examination. |
When Not to Proceed -- When Referral to General Anesthesia Is Required -- Fasting Guidelines and Sedation -- Preparation for and Considerations in Special Populations -- Asthma and Reactive Airway Disease -- Autism, Developmental Delay, and Intellectual Disability -- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia -- Cannabis Use -- Cerebral Palsy -- Congenital Heart Disease -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Endocrinopathies -- Mitochondrial Disease -- Mucopolysaccharidosis -- Multiple Allergies -- Muscular Dystrophies -- Musculoskeletal Disorders -- Obesity -- Obstructive Sleep Apnea -- Pregnancy -- Premature Infant -- Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders -- Sickle Cell Disease -- Syndromes -- Trauma -- Tuberous Sclerosis -- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection -- Summary -- Case Studies in Pre-sedation Assessment -- References -- 5: Sedation Scales and Discharge Criteria: How Do They Differ? Which One to Choose? Do They Really Apply to Sedation? -- Introduction -- Sedation Scales -- The Ramsay Scale -- The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale and Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale -- The COMFORT Scale -- The University of Michigan Sedation Scale -- Dartmouth Operative Conditions Scale -- The Sedation-Agitation Scale -- Modified Aldrete Score as a Sedation Scale -- Processed EEG Monitors: The Bispectral Index and Amplitude-Integrated EEG -- Auditory Evoked Potentials -- Other Sedation Scales -- Objective, Physiologically Based Sedation Scales -- Recovery and Discharge Scales -- A Practical Approach to Sedation Scales and Discharge Scores -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Physiological Monitoring for Procedural Sedation -- Introduction -- Current Guidelines and Standards -- Observational Monitoring -- Electronic Monitoring -- Oxygenation Monitoring -- Ventilation Monitoring -- Hemodynamic Monitoring. |
Cortical Activity Monitoring -- Bispectral Index Monitoring -- Cerebral Oximetry -- Future Directions -- Bioacoustic Methods -- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Monitoring -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Neuromonitoring and Sedation -- Is There a Role? -- Introduction: The History -- Awareness Under Anesthesia and Neuromonitors -- A Global Review of Published Guidelines on Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring -- The Range of Neuromonitors: The Science, Practice, and Function -- BIS -- Validity of BIS Scores with Sedation Scales and Depth of Sedation in Infants and Children -- Validation of BIS with Inhalational Agents and Sedatives -- Nitrous Oxide -- Chloral Hydrate (CHO) -- Ketamine -- Propofol -- Dexmedetomidine -- Midazolam -- Narcotrend -- M-Entropy -- Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) -- Limitations of EEG-Based Monitors -- Recent Advances and Future Considerations -- Conclusion -- Case 1 -- Considerations -- Case 2 -- Considerations -- Case 3 -- Considerations -- References -- 8: The Pediatric Airway: Anatomy, Challenges, and Solutions -- Anatomy of the Pediatric Airway -- Assessment of the Pediatric Airway for Sedation -- Risk Factors for Airway Compromise or Depression -- Sleep-Disordered Breathing -- Identification and Treatment of Airway-Related Adverse Events -- Conclusion -- Case Studies -- Case 1: |
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea -- Case 2: Anterior Mediastinal Mass -- Case 3: The Child with a "Cold" -- References -- 9: Pediatric Physiology: How Does It Differ from Adults? -- Introduction -- Respiratory Physiology -- Cardiovascular Physiology -- Development from Neonate to Older Infant and Child -- Innervation of the Heart -- Development from Child to Adult -- Normal Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Ranges at Different Ages -- CNS Physiology -- Hematologic System Development -- Renal Physiology and Fluid and Electrolytes -- Hepatic/Gastrointestinal Physiology. |
Temperature Regulation -- Drug Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: Capnography: The Science, Logistics, Applications, and Limitations for Procedural Sedation -- Why Should Capnography Be Used in Pediatric Patients -- Measurement of Exhaled Carbon Dioxide -- Side Stream Capnography -- Mainstream Capnography -- Colorimetric Devices -- Physiology of Capnography -- Time Capnogram -- Volume Capnogram -- Arterial to End-Tidal PCO2 Difference -- Abnormal Capnograms and Clinical Considerations -- Capnograms During Sedation -- Sampling Devices -- Algorithm for Monitoring Ventilation Via Capnography -- Capnography in Dental Practice -- Capnography and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) -- Conclusion -- Case Studies -- Case 1 -- Considerations -- Case 2 -- Considerations -- Case 3 -- Considerations -- References -- 11: Clinical Pharmacology of Sedatives, Reversal Agents, and Adjuncts -- Drug Selection and Administration -- Use of Multiple Drugs for Sedation -- Additional Pharmacologic Effects -- Off-Label Use -- Alternate Sites of Administration -- Reversal Agents -- The Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on the Developing Brain -- Formulary -- Sedatives and Analgesics -- Alfentanil (Alfenta, Rapifen) -- Chloral Hydrate -- Codeine -- Dexmedetomidine (Precedex, Dexdor) -- Diazepam (Valium, Antenex) -- Etomidate (Amidate) -- Etomidate Analogs -- Fentanyl (Fentanil, Sublimaze, Actiq, Durogesic, Duragesic, Fentora, Onsolis, Instanyl, Abstral) -- Fospropofol (Lusedra) -- Ketamine (Ketanest, Ketaset, Ketalar) -- Ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol) -- Lorazepam (Ativan, Temesta) -- Meperidine (Demerol, Isonipecaine, Lidol, Pethanol, Piridosal, Algil, Alodan, Centralgin, Dispadol, Dolantin, Mialgin, Petidin Dolargan, Dolestine, Dolosal, Dolsin, Mefedina) -- Methohexital (Methohexitone, Brevital) -- Midazolam (Versed, Dormicum, Hypnovel). |
Morphine (MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol, Kapanol) -- Nitrous Oxide -- Pentobarbital (Nembutal) -- Propofol (Diprivan) -- Remifentanil (Ultiva) -- Remimazolam (Byfavo) -- S-Ketamine (Ketanest, Ketaset, Ketalar) -- Sufentanil (Sufenta) -- Reversal Agents -- Flumazenil (Flumazepil, Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon, Anexate) -- Naloxone (Narcan, Nalone, Narcanti) -- Local Anesthetics -- Lidocaine (Lignocaine) -- Anti-emetics -- Ondansetron (Zofran) -- Metoclopramide (Maxolon, Reglan, Degan, Maxeran, Primperan, Pylomid, Cerucal, Pramin) -- Scopolamine (Levo-Duboisine, Hyoscine) -- Diphenhydramine (Benadryl, DPH, DHM, Dimedrol, Daedalon) -- Dexamethasone -- References -- Alfentanil -- Pharmacokinetics -- Chloral hydrate -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clinical Application -- Codeine -- Dexmedetomidine -- Buccal -- Intranasal -- Intramuscular -- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- Diazepam -- Etomidate -- Clinical Application -- Fentanyl -- Transdermal -- Intranasal -- Transmucosal -- Pharmacokinetics -- Fospropofol -- Ketamine -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clinical Application -- Ketofol -- Lorazepam -- Pharmacokinetics -- Meperidine -- Pharmacokinetics -- Methohexital -- Midazolam -- Pharmacokinetics |
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-- Morphine -- Pharmacokinetics -- Nitrous Oxide -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clinical Application -- Pentobarbital -- Pharmacokinetics -- Propofol -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clinical Application -- Remifentanil -- Pharmacokinetics -- Clinical Application -- Remimazolam -- S-Ketamine -- Intranasal -- Caudal Block -- Rectal -- Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics -- Sufentanil -- Pharmacokinetics -- Flumazenil -- Intranasal -- Rectal -- Pharmacokinetics -- Naloxone -- Pharmacokinetics -- Lidocaine -- Pharmacokinetics -- Ondansetron -- Pharmacokinetics -- Metoclopramide -- Pharmacokinetics -- Scopolamine -- Diphenhydramine -- Pharmacokinetics. |
Dexamethasone. |
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