Classification and cognition [[electronic resource] /] / W.K. Estes

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910464866003321
• Autore: Estes William K (William Kaye)
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, : Oxford University Press, 1994
• ISBN: 0-19-510974-0; 0-19-536088-5; 1-280-47379-7; 9786610473793; 1-4237-6471-4; 1-60129-866-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (295 p.)
• Collana: Oxford psychology series ; ; no. 22
• Disciplina: 153/.012
• Soggetti: Categorization (Psychology); Recognition (Psychology); Cognitive learning theory; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. [259]-272) and indexes.
• Nota di contenuto: Contents; 1. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS; 1.1 Classification and cognition: an overview; 1.1.1 Concepts and categories; 1.1.2 Approaches to categorization: two theoretical traditions; 1.1.3 Categorization and induction; 1.1.4 Remarks on theoretical style; 1.2 The array model framework; 1.2.1 Representation: attributes, dimensions, and features; 1.2.2 The problem of access to memory; 1.2.3 Comparison and similarity; 1.2.4 The product rule for patterns of binary-valued attributes; 1.2.5 The core model for classification; Appendix 1.1 Union and intersection rules for computation of pattern similarity Appendix 1.2 Attentional learning in the exemplar model; 2. CATEGORY STRUCTURES AND CATEGORIZATION; 2.1 Similarity in theories of classification; 2.1.1 The core model applied to a natural category; 2.1.2 From similarity to response probability; 2.1.3 An alternative measure of similarity: the contrast model; 2.2 Predicting categorization performance; 2.2.1 The simplest categorization model in ; the array framework; 2.2.2 On category structures and conceptual levels ; 3. MODELS FOR CATEGORY LEARNING; 3.1 The exemplar-similarity model 3.1.1 Augmentations of the core model; 3.1.2 Categorization and identification; 3.1.3 Similarity and cognitive distance; 3.1.4 Status of the exemplar-similarity model; 3.2 Network-based learning models; 3.2.1 A simple adaptive network model; 3.2.2 The similarity-network model; 3.2.3 Pattern to feature transfer; Appendix 3.1 Categorization probability for the exemplar model in relation to initial memory load; Appendix 3.2 Similarity-network output and learning functions for standard four-pattern categorization; Appendix 3.3 Additional details of Experiment 3.1 procedure 4. CATEGORIZATION AND MEMORY PROCESSING; 4.1 Concurrent categorizations; 4.2 Categorization with constraints on memory; 4.2.1 Categorization with constrained repetition lags; 4.2.2 Categorization based on short-term memory; 4.2.3 Analyses of response frequency data; 4.2.4 Analyses of reaction times; 4.3 A modular view of exemplar and network models; Appendix 4.1 Method of Experiment 4.1; Appendix 4.2 Learning about invalid cues in concurrent categorizations: Experiment 4.2; Appendix 4.3 Method of Experiment 4.4: categorization in short-term memory 5. ON THE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF CATEGORICAL INFORMATION; 5.1 Standard versus observational training procedures; 5.1.1 Method for comparison of training procedures; 5.1.2 Results for comparisons of training procedures; 5.2 Learning on the basis of average or configural prototypes; 5.3 Inducing prototypes; 5.4 Predicting features from categories; 5.4.1 Feature-frequency estimates based on long-term memory; 5.4.2 Feature-frequency estimates based on shorter-term memory; 5.5 Pattern completion; Appendix 5.1 Induction of prototypes in a correlated-feature category structure: Experiment 5.1
• Sommario/riassunto: Based on the Fitts Lectures, this volume presents a core set of concepts and principles that proposes a unified interpretation of a wide variety of phenomena of memory, categorization and decision-making. These theories are then applied to issues in category-learning and recognition.

Travel and artisans in the Ottoman Empire : employment and mobility in the early modern era / / Suraiya Faroqhi

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910511728603321
• Autore: Faroqhi Suraiya <1941->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: London ; ; New York : , : I.B. Tauris, , 2014
• ISBN: 0-7556-0815-1; 0-85773-858-5; 0-85772-513-0
• Edizione: [First edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (319 pages) : illustrations, maps
• Disciplina: 331.794
• Soggetti: Artisans - Turkey - History; Occupational mobility - Turkey - History; Labor mobility - Turkey - History; Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction -- PART I: Travels -- 1. An Edirne scholar on Ottoman architecture and politics: The pilgrimage account of Abdurrahman Hibri -- 2. Bringing back keepsakes from seventeenth-century Mecca -- 3. Evliya Çelibi's tales of Cairo's guildsmen -- 4. Travellers and sojourners in mid-sixteenth century Üsküdar -- 5. Immigrant tradesmen as guild members - or the adventures of Tunisian fez-sellers in eighteenth-century Istanbul -- 6. Refugees and asylum seekers on Ottoman territory in the early modern period -- 7. The image of Europe in the reports of the Ottoman ambassadors of the eighteenth century -- 8. Ottoman travellers to Venice -- PART II: Artisans -- 9. Repairs to the Ottoman fortress of Hotin -- 10. Ottoman artisans under Selim III -- 11. Ottoman textiles in early modern Europe -- 12. Seventeenth and eighteenth-century artisans negotiating guild agreements in Istanbul -- 13. Christian and Jewish artisans in late eighteenth-century Istanbul -- 14. Istanbul halva manufacturers in the mid-eighteenth century -- 15. Keeping artisans in their places - or how to run a guild -- 16. At the Ottoman Empire's industrious core: The Story of Bursa -- Purchasing guild and craft-based offices in the Ottoman central lands.
• Sommario/riassunto: "It has often been assumed that the subjects of the Ottoman sultans were unable to travel beyond their localities - since peasants needed the permission of their local administrators before they could leave their villages. According to this view, only soldiers and members of the governing elite would have been free to travel. However, Suraiya Faroqhi's extensive archival research shows that this was not the case; pious men from all walks of life went on pilgrimage to Mecca, slaves fled from their masters and craftspeople travelled in search of work. Most travellers in the Ottoman era headed for Istanbul in search of better prospects and even in peacetime the Ottoman administration recruited artisans to repair fortresses and sent them far away from their home towns. In this book, Suraiya Faroqhi provides a revisionist study of those artisans who chose - or were obliged - to travel and those who stayed predominantly in their home localities. She considers the occasions and conditions which triggered travel among the artisans, and the knowledge that they had of the capital as a spatial entity. She shows that even those craftsmen who did not travel extensively had some level of mobility and that the Ottoman sultans and viziers, who spent so much effort in attempting to control the movements of their subjects, could often only do so within very narrow limits. Challenging existing historiography and providing an important new revisionist perspective, this book will be essential reading for students and scholars of Ottoman history--Bloomsbury Publishing."