Thinking and Reasoning [[electronic resource] ] : An Introduction to the Psychology of Reason, Judgment and Decision Making

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910462398903321
• Autore: Manktelow Ken
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, : Taylor and Francis, 2012
• ISBN: 1-283-45834-9; 9786613458346
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (329 p.)
• Disciplina: 153.4/2; 153.42; 153.43
• Soggetti: Cognition; Decision making; Reasoning (Psychology); Thought and thinking; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Thinking and Reasoning; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1 : Judging and thinking about probability; Defining probability; Logical possibility; Frequency; Propensity; Degree of belief; Belief revision: Bayes' rule; Judging plain probalities; Logical possibilities; Frequencies; Taking samples: where our information comes from; Belief updating; Base rates: neglect or respect?; Belief revision by natural frequencies; Probability from the inside and the outside; The planning fallacy; Overconfi dence; The conjunction fallacy; Summary; Chapter 2 : The study of reasoning: classic researchThe classical syllogism: reasoning with quantities; Validity; Reasoning with syllogisms; Patterns in human performance; Explaining the patterns of performance; Mental logic; Mental models; Probability heuristics; Summary; Chapter 3 : Reasoning with propositions; If: conditionals; Knowing p , knowing q : inferences and truth tables; Research results; The Wason selection task; Reasoning with Or: disjunctives; Research results; Wason's THOG problem; Summary; Chapter 4 : Reasoning and ; meaning; Facilitation: the study of content effects; Deontic reasoning: thinking about rulesPragmatic reasoning schemas; Evolutionary approaches to deontic reasoning; Decision-theoretic approaches; Causal reasoning: thinking about how the world works; Causal reasoning about general events; The covariational approach to causal thinking; Prior knowledge and causal models; Causal models theory; Single cases and counterfactual thinking; Summary; Chapter 5 : Explaining reasoning: the classic approaches; Mental logic; Braine and O'Brien's theory of If; Rips' Psycop theory; The theory of mental models; Mental models and conditionals; The selection taskContent and context; Illusory inferences; Causal and counterfactual reasoning; Summary; Chapter 6 : Explaining reasoning: the 'new paradigm'; Oaksford and Chater's Bayesian theory; Rational analysis; Matching bias; The deontic selection task; Conditional inference; Evans and Over's suppositional theory; The dual process theory; Dual processes in the selection task; Belief bias in syllogistic reasoning; Heuristic and analytic processes; Dual processes and dual systems; Dual minds; Summary; Chapter 7 : Hypothetical thinking: induction and testing; Induction; Induction and deductionCategory-based induction; Extensions and explanations; Category-based induction without categories; Abduction: fi nding explanations and causes; Induction and deduction revisited; Hypothesis testing; Wason's 2 4 6 task and its descendants; Confi rmation bias; Better hypothesis testing; Hypothesis testing in the wild; Hypothetical thinking theory; Summary; Chapter 8 : Decision making: preference and prospects; Subjective expected utility; Principles and problems; Complex decisions; Preference; Different utilities; Competing options; Framing: the effects of description; Prospect theory: a descriptive theory of decision making
• Sommario/riassunto: The area of psychological research reviewed in this book is one that is not only increasing in popularity in college curricula, but is also making an ever larger impact on the world outside the classroom. Drawing upon research originally cited in Ken Manktelow's highly successful publication Reasoning and Thinking, this completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field in recent years, stemming from the huge expansion in research output, as well as new methods and explanations, and the appearance of numerous books on the subject aim

Drylands facing change : interventions, investments and identities / / edited by Angela Kronenburg García [and four others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910774715303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York : , : Taylor & Francis (Unlimited), , [2023]; ©2023
• ISBN: 1-00-317448-5; 1-003-17448-5; 1-000-80253-1
• Edizione: [First edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (282 pages) : illustrations, maps
• Collana: Earthscan Studies in Natural Resource Management
• Disciplina: 333.73/6
• Soggetti: Arid regions
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: 1. -- Drylands, frontiers, and the politics of change -- ; 2. -- Climate variability and institutional flexibility: resource governance at the intersection between ecological instability and mobility in drylands -- ; 3. -- Environmental crisis narratives in drylands -- ; 4. -- Wetlands in drylands: Large-scale appropriations for agriculture, conservation and mining in Africa -- ; 5. -- Large-scale agricultural investments in drylands: Facing some blind spots in the grabbing debate -- ; 6. -- The 'open cut' in drylands: Challenges of artisanal mining and pastoralism encountering industrial mining, development, and resource grabbing -- ; 7. -- Mega-infrastructure projects in drylands: From enchantments to disenchantments -- ; 8. -- The new green grabbing frontier and participation: conserving drylands with or without people -- ; 9. -- Religious movements in the drylands: ethnicity, jihadism, and violent extremism -- ; 10. -- Making cities in drylands: migration, livelihoods, and policy -- ; 11. -- Drylands connected: mobile communication and changing power positions in (nomadic) pastoral societies -- ; 12. -- Pastoralists under COVID-19 lockdown: collaborative research on impacts and responses in Kenyan and Mongolian drylands -- ; 13. -- Alternative perspectives: a bright side of natural resource governance in drylands.
• Sommario/riassunto: "This edited volume examines the changes that arise from the entanglement of global interests and narratives with the local struggles that have always existed in the drylands of Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia and Inner Asia. Changes is drylands is happening in an overwhelming manner. Climate change, growing political instability, and increasing enclosures of large expanses of often common land are some of the changes with far-reaching consequences for those who make their living in the drylands. At the same time, powerful narratives about the drylands as 'wastelands' and their 'backward' inhabitants continue to hold sway, legitimizing interventions for development, security and conservation informing re-emerging frontiers of investment (for agriculture, extraction, infrastructure), and shaping new dryland identities. The chapters in this volume discuss the politics of change triggered by forces as diverse as the global land and resource rush, the expansion of new Information and Communication Technologies, urbanization, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the spread of violent extremism. While recognizing that changes are co-produced by differently positioned actors from within and outside the drylands, this volume presents the dryland's point of view. It therefore takes the views, experiences, and agencies of dryland dwellers as the point of departure to not only understand the changes that are transforming their lives, livelihoods, and future aspirations, but also to highlight the unexpected spaces of contestation and innovation that have hitherto remained understudied. This edited volume will be of much interest to students, researchers and scholars of natural resource management, land and resource grabbing, political ecology, sustainable development and drylands in general"-- Provided by publisher.