Addressing inequality in South Asia / / Martín Rama [and three others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910460086303321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, District of Columbia : , : World Bank Group, , 2015; ©2015
• ISBN: 1-4648-0023-5
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (197 p.)
• Collana: South Asia Development Matters
• Disciplina: 339.4/60954
• Soggetti: Poverty - South Asia; Equality - South Asia; Electronic books.; South Asia Economic conditions; South Asia Social conditions
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Cover; Contents; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Overview; Figures; 1 Based on standard monetary indicators, South Asia has moderate levels of inequality; Why inequality matters; 2 Billionaire wealth in India is exceptionally large; 3 The health outcomes of the poor are among the worst worldwide; 4 Returns to education create incentives to study; 5 Greater inequality reduces the quality of public services when the rich can opt out; The extent of inequality; 6 Poverty is higher in Indian districts suffering from Naxalite violence; 7 The least wealthy are alarmingly vulnerable; 8 Inequality in health outcomes is wide9 Schooling among young adults is highly unequal in some countries in South Asia; Drivers of inequality; 10 Richer countries tend to be more unequal in both South Asia and East Asia; 11 Monetary inequality is increasing across most of South Asia; 12 South Asians do not see an environment conducive to lower inequality; 13 Multiple factors affect household outcomes relative to others in society; Limited opportunity; 14 Opportunities in education are better than in health or sanitation, as measured by the HOI; 15 Better opportunity is driven by greater coverage16 Parent's education and location are critically important circumstances; ; Substantial mobility; 17 Considerable occupational mobility exists across generations in India; 18 Occupational mobility is higher for younger generations; 19 Upward mobility in South Asian countries is similar to that in the United States and Vietnam; 20 Upward mobility is much stronger in cities than in rural areas; Tables; 1 Changes in employment status reveal substantial mobility among migrant men in India; 2 Rural jobs allow people to escape poverty; urban jobs are a ticket to the middle classInadequate support; 21 The composition of urban employment varies with city size and governance in India; 22 In Pakistan, poorer and richer households cope with shocks in different ways; 23 Social assistance is less adequate than social insurance but has greater coverage; Maps; 1 Government revenue in South Asia is low compared with the rest of the world; References; 24 Electricity subsidies favor the better-off; 25 Development spending per person is lower in poorer states and districts; 1. Why Inequality Matters; Inequality of what?; Opportunities versus outcomesBoxes; 1.1 Discrimination by teachers pushes children out of school; Monetary measures of inequality; Multidimensional indicators of inequality; 1.2 Standard statistical measures of monetary inequality; 1.1 Estimates of expenditures differ between household surveys and national accounts; 1.3 Some monetary indicators may underestimate the true extent of inequality; Subjective well-being; 1.2 Monetary and nonmonetary indicators can lead to opposite conclusions; 1.4 Bhutan uses a happiness index to measure well-being; The costs (and benefits) of inequality; Intrinsic value
• Sommario/riassunto: Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate when looking at standard indicators such as the Gini index, which are based on consumption expenditures per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to lack of access to the most basic services at the other. Which prompts the question: How bad is inequality in South Asia? And why would that matter? This book takes a comprehensive look at the extent, nature, and drivers of inequality in this very dynamic region of the world. It discusses how some dimensions of inequality, such as high returns to

UMTS network planning, optimization, and inter-operation with GSM / / Moe Rahnema

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910146102303321
• Autore: Rahnema Moe
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore ; , : John Wiley & Sons (Asia), , c2008; [Piscataqay, New Jersey] : , : IEEE Xplore, , [2009]
• ISBN: 1-282-37138-X; 9786612371387; 0-470-82303-8; 0-470-82302-X
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (349 p.)
• Disciplina: 621.38456
• Soggetti: Global system for mobile communications; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of 3G Standards and WCDMA Releases -- 1.2 3G Challenges -- 1.3 Future Trends -- 2 UMTS System and Air Interface Architecture -- 2.1 Network Architecture -- 2.2 The Air Interface Modes of Operation -- 2.3 Spectrum Allocations -- 2.4 WCDMA and the Spreading Concept -- 2.5 Cell Isolation Mechanism and Scrambling Codes -- 2.6 Power Control Necessity -- 2.7 Soft/Softer Handovers and the Benefits -- 2.8 Framing and Modulation -- 2.9 Channel Definitions -- 2.10 The Radio Interface Protocol Architecture -- 2.11 The Important Physical Layer Measurements -- References -- 3 Multipath and Path Loss Modeling -- 3.1 Multipath Reception -- 3.2 3GPP Multipath Channel Models -- 3.3 ITU Multipath Channel Models -- 3.4 Large-Scale Distance Effects -- 3.5 Far-Reach Propagation Through Ducting -- References -- 4 Formulation and Analysis of the Coverage-capacity and Multi-user Interference Parameters in UMTS -- 4.1 The Multi-user Interference -- 4.2 Interference Representation -- 4.3 Dynamics of the Uplink Capacity -- 4.4 Downlink Power-capacity Interaction -- 4.5 Capacity Improvement Techniques -- 4.6 Remarks in Conclusion -- References ; -- 5 Radio Site Planning, Dimensioning, and Optimization -- 5.1 Radio Site Locating -- 5.2 Site Engineering -- 5.3 Link Budgeting for Dimensioning -- 5.4 Simulation-based Detailed Planning -- 5.5 Primary CPICH Coverage Analysis -- 5.6 Primary and Secondary CCPCH Coverage Analysis -- 5.7 Uplink DCH Coverage Analysis -- 5.8 Pre-launch Optimization -- 5.9 Defining the Service Strategy -- 5.10 Defining Service Requirements and Traffic Modeling -- 5.11 Scrambling Codes and Planning Requirements -- 5.12 Inter-operator Interference Protection Measures -- References -- 6 The Layered and Multi-carrier Radio Access Design -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Service Interaction Analysis -- 6.3 Layered Cell Architectures -- References -- 7 Utilization of GSM Measurements for UMTS Site Overlay -- 7.1 Introductory Considerations.; 7.2 Using GSM Measurements to Characterize Path Losses in UMTS -- 7.3 Neighbor-Cell Overlap and Soft Handover Overhead Measurement -- 7.4 Interference and Pilot Pollution Detection -- References -- 8 Power Control and Handover Procedures and Optimization -- 8.1 Power Control -- 8.2 Handover Procedures and Control -- References -- 9 Radio Resource and Performance Management -- 9.1 Admission Control -- 9.2 Congestion/Load Control -- 9.3 Channel Switching and Bearer Reconfiguration -- 9.4 Code Resource Allocation -- 9.5 Packet Scheduling -- References -- 10 Means to Enhance Radio Coverage and Capacity -- 10.1 Coverage Improvement and the Impact -- 10.2 Capacity Improvement and the Impact -- 10.3 HSDPA Deployment -- 10.4 Transmitter Diversity -- 10.5 Mast Head Amplifiers -- 10.6 Remote Radio Heads (RRH) -- 10.7 Higher Order Receiver Diversity -- 10.8 Fixed Beam and Adaptive Beam Forming -- 10.9 Repeaters -- 10.10 Additional Scrambling Codes -- 10.11 Self-Organizing Networks -- References -- 11 Co-planning and Inter-operation with GSM -- 11.1 GSM Co-location Guidelines -- 11.2 Ambient Noise Considerations -- 11.3 Inter-operation with GSM -- References -- 12 AMR Speech Codecs: Operation and Performance -- 12.1 AMR Speech Codec Characteristics and Modes -- 12.2 AMR Implementation Strategies -- 12.3 Tradeoffs between AMR Source Rate and System Capacity in WCDMA -- 12.4 AMR Performance under Clean Speech Conditions -- 12.5 AMR Performance under Background Noise and Error Conditions -- 12.6 Codec Mode Parameters -- 12.7 The AMR-Wideband (WB) -- 12.8 AMR Bearer QoS Requirements -- References -- 13 The Terrestrial Radio Access Network Design -- 13.1 RNC Planning and Dimensioning -- 13.2 Node Interconnect Transmission -- 13.3 Link Dimensioning -- References -- 14 The Core Network Technologies, Design, and Dimensioning -- 14.1 The Core Network Function -- 14.2 The IP Core Network Architecture -- 14.3 Mobility Management in GPRS -- 14.4 IP Address Allocation -- 14.5 Core Network in WCDMA.; 14.6 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -- 14.7 Roaming in Mobile Networks -- 14.8 Soft Switching -- 14.9 Core Network Design and Dimensioning -- 14.10 Core Network Transport Technologies -- References -- 15 UMTS QoS Classes, Parameters, and Inter-workings -- 15.1 The QoS Concept and its Importance -- 15.2 QoS Fundamental Concepts -- 15.3 QoS Monitoring Process -- 15.4 QoS Categories in UMTS -- 15.5 Instant Messaging -- 15.6 UMTS Bearer Service Attributes -- 15.7 UMTS QoS Mechanisms -- 15.8 UMTS QoS Signaling -- 15.9 UMTS-Internet QoS Inter-working/Mapping -- 15.10 End-to-End QoS Delay Analysis -- 15.11 ATM QoS Classes -- 15.12 More on QoS Mechanisms in IP Networks -- 15.13 IP Precedence to ATM Class of Service Mapping -- 15.14 Web Traffic Classification for QoS -- 15.15 QoS Levels of Agreement -- References -- 16 The TCP Protocols, Issues, and Performance Tuning over Wireless Links -- 16.1 The TCP ; Fundamentals -- 16.2 TCP Enhanced Lost Recovery Options -- 16.3 TCP Variations as used on Fixed Networks -- 16.4 Characteristics of Wireless Networks and Particularly 3G -- 16.5 TCP Solutions Proposed for Wireless Networks -- 16.6 Application Level Optimization -- References -- 17 RAN Performance Root Cause Analysis and Trending Techniques for Effective Troubleshooting and Optimization -- 17.1 RAN KPIs -- 17.2 Measurement Guidelines -- 17.3 Correlation Based Root Cause Analysis -- 17.4 Applications to Network Troubleshooting and Performance Optimization -- Appendix -- References -- Abbreviations -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: UMTS Network Planning, Optimization, and Inter-Operation with GSM is an accessible, one-stop reference to help engineers effectively reduce the time and costs involved in UMTS deployment and optimization. Rahnema includes detailed coverage from both a theoretical and practical perspective on the planning and optimization aspects of UMTS, and a number of other new techniques to help operators get the most out of their networks. . Provides an end-to-end perspective, from network design to optimization. Incorporates the hands-on experiences of numerous researchers. Single authorship allows for strong coherency and accessibility. Details the complete iteration cycle of radio link budgeting for coverage planning and dimensioning Rahnema demonstrates detailed formulation of radio capacity and coverage in UMTS, and discusses the tradeoffs involved. He presents complete link budgeting and iterative simulations for capacity and coverage planning, along with practical guidelines. UMTS Network Planning contains seventeen cohesive and well-organized chapters which cover numerous topics, including: . Radio channel structures, radio channel models, parameters, model tuning. Techniques for capacity and coverage enhancements. Complete treatment of power control, handoffs and radio resource practical management processes and parameters. Detailed coverage of TCP protocol enhancement for operation over wireless links, particularly UMTS. Application of GSM measurements to plan and re-engineer for UMTS radio sites. Guidelines for site co-location with GSM, the QOS classes, parameters and inter-workings in UMTS. AMR voice codecs and tradeoffs, core and access network design, architectural evolution, and protocols. Comprehensive discussion and presentation of practical techniques for radio performance analysis, trending, and troubleshooting Perfect for professionals in the field and researchers specializing in network enhancement. Engineers working on other air interfaces and next generation technologies will find many of the techniques introduced helpful in designing and deploying future wireless networks as well. Students and professionals new to the wireless field will also find this book to be a good foundation in network planning, performance analysis, and optimization.