Democratic enlightenment [[electronic resource] ] : philosophy, revolution, and human rights 1750-1790 / / Jonathan Israel

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910457447503321
• Autore: Israel Jonathan <1946->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: New York, : Oxford University Press, 2011
• ISBN: 1-283-34849-7; 9786613348494; 0-19-161754-7
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (1083 p.)
• Disciplina: 190.9033
• Soggetti: Enlightenment; Democracy - History; Philosophy, Modern - 18th century; Intellectual life - History - 18th century; Electronic books.; Europe History 1648-1789; Europe Intellectual life 18th century; Europe Politics and government 1648-1789
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Pt. 1: The radical challenge. Nature and providence: earthquakes and the human condition -- The Encyclopédie suppressed (1752-1760) -- Rousseau against the Philosophes -- Voltaire, enlightenment, and the European courts -- Anti-philosophes -- Central Europe: Aufklärung divided -- Pt. 2: Rationalizing the Ancien Régime. Hume, scepticism, and moderation -- Scottish enlightenment and man's 'progress' -- Enlightened despotism -- Aufklärung and the fracturing of German protestant culture -- Catholic enlightenment: the papacy's retreat -- Society and the rise of the Italian revolutionary enlightenment -- Spain and the challenge of reform -- Pt. 3: Europe and the remaking of the world. The Histoire philosophique, or colonialism overturned -- The American revolution -- Europe and the Amerindians -- Philosophy and revolt in Ibero-America (1765-1792) -- Commercial despotism: Dutch ; colonialism in Asia -- China, Japan, and the West -- India and the two enlightenments -- Russia's Greeks, Poles, and Serfs -- Pt. 4: Spinoza controversies in the later enlightenment. Rousseau, Spinoza, and the 'general will' -- Radical breakthrough -- Pantheismusstreit (1780-1787) -- Kant and the radical challenge -- Goethe, Schiller, and the new 'Dutch Revolt' against Spain -- Pt. 5: Revolution. 1788-1789: the 'general revolution' begins -- The diffusion -- 'Philosophy' as a maker of revolutions -- Aufklärung and the secret societies (1776-1792) -- Small-state revolutions in the 1780s -- The Dutch democratic revolution of the 1780s -- The French revolution: from 'philosophy' to basic human rights (1788-1790) -- Epilogue: 1789 as an intellectual revolution.
• Sommario/riassunto: The Enlightenment shaped modernity. Western values of representative democracy and basic human rights, gender and racial equality, individual liberty, and freedom of expression and the press, form an interlocking system that derives directly from the Enlightenment's philosophical revolution. This fact is uncontested - yet remarkably few historians or philosophers have attempted to trace the process of ideas from the political and social turmoil of the late eighteenth century to thepresent day. This is precisely what Jonathan Israel now does. He demonstrates that the Enlightenment was an essent

Detecting Environmental Radioactivity / / by Manuel García-León

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910633923703321
• Autore: García-León M (Manuel)
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2022
• ISBN: 9783031099700; 9783031099694
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2022.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (637 pages)
• Collana: Graduate Texts in Physics, , 1868-4521
• Disciplina: 294.33653; 539.2
• Soggetti: Environmental sciences; Physics; Environmental monitoring; Geophysics; Mass spectrometry; Spectrum analysis; Environmental chemistry; Environmental Physics; Environmental Monitoring; Mass Spectrometry; Spectroscopy; Environmental Chemistry; Radioactivitat; Contaminació radioactiva; Radiometria; Llibres electrònics
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Includes index.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction -- Radioactivity: history and phenomenology -- Radioactivity: decay law, definitions and units -- Natural and Artificial radioactivity -- Environmental Radioactivity -- Levels and behaviour of Environmental Radioactivity -- Radiological impact. Radiation ; dosimetry -- Principles of radiation detection: interaction of radiation with matter -- Principles of radiation detection: counting and spectrometry -- Gas ionization detectors -- Scintillation detectors -- Semiconductor detectors -- Dosimeters, other detectors and specific designs -- Radiochemistry for environmental samples -- Principles of Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry -- Low-Level Counting and Spectrometry Techniques -- Principles of Mass Spectrometry -- Principles of Particle Accelerators -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) -- Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).
• Sommario/riassunto: This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.