The Cistercian evolution [[electronic resource] ] : the invention of a religious order in twelfth-century Europe / / Constance Hoffman Berman

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910452366503321
• Autore: Berman Constance H
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Philadelphia, : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, c2000
• ISBN: 1-283-88942-0; 0-8122-0079-9
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (407 p.)
• Collana: The Middle Ages Series
• Disciplina: 271/.12
• Soggetti: Monasticism and religious orders - France, Southern - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. [323]-358) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Tables and Illustrations -- Preface -- 1. Twelfth-Century Narratives and Cistercian Mythology -- 2. Charters, "Primitive Documents," and Papal Confirmations -- 3. From Cîteaux to the Invention of a Cistercian Order -- 4. Charters, Patrons, and Communities -- 5. Rewriting the History of Cistercians and Twelfth-Century Religious Reform -- Appendix One: Chronological Summary -- Appendix Two: "Primitive Documents" Manuscripts: Relevant Contents -- Appendix Three: Southern-French Cistercian Abbeys by Province and Diocese -- Appendix Four: Calixtus II Documents from 1119 and 1120 -- Appendix Five: Restored 1170 Letter from Alexander III -- List of Abbreviations -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index
• Sommario/riassunto: According to the received history, the Cistercian order was founded in Cîteaux, France, in 1098 by a group of Benedictine monks who wished for a stricter community. They sought a monastic life that called for extreme asceticism, rejection of feudal revenues, and manual labor for monks. Their third leader, Stephen Harding, issued a constitution, the Carta Caritatis, that called for the uniformity of custom in all Cistercian monasteries and the establishment of an annual general chapter meeting at Cîteaux.The Cistercian order grew phenomenally in the ; mid-twelfth century, reaching beyond France to Portugal in the west, Sweden in the north, and the eastern Mediterranean, ostensibly through a process of apostolic gestation, whereby members of a motherhouse would go forth to establish a new house. The abbey at Clairvaux, founded by Bernard in 1115, was alone responsible for founding 68 of the 338 Cistercian abbeys in existence by 1153. But this well-established view of a centrally organized order whose founders envisioned the shape and form of a religious order at its prime is not borne out in the historical record.Through an investigation of early Cistercian documents, Constance Hoffman Berman proves that no reliable reference to Stephen's Carta Caritatis appears before the mid-twelfth century, and that the document is more likely to date from 1165 than from 1119. The implications of this fact are profound. Instead of being a charter by which more than 300 Cistercian houses were set up by a central authority, the document becomes a means of bringing under centralized administrative control a large number of loosely affiliated and already existing monastic houses of monks as well as nuns who shared Cistercian customs. The likely reason for this administrative structuring was to check the influence of the overdominant house of Clairvaux, which threatened the authority of Cîteaux through Bernard's highly successful creation of new monastic communities.For centuries the growth of the Cistercian order has been presented as a spontaneous spirituality that swept western Europe through the power of the first house at Cîteaux. Berman suggests instead that the creation of the religious order was a collaborative activity, less driven by centralized institutions; its formation was intended to solve practical problems about monastic administration. With the publication of The Cistercian Evolution, for the first time the mechanisms are revealed by which the monks of Cîteaux reshaped fact to build and administer one of the most powerful and influential religious orders of the Middle Ages.

Contract management : DOD's profit policy provision to stimulate innovation needs clarification

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910693888403321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Washington, D.C
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia

Understanding and improving the durability of textiles / / edited by Patricia A. Annis

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911006506603321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Philadelphia, Pa., : Woodhead Pub., 2012
• ISBN: 1-62870-068-8; 0-85709-764-4
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (295 p.)
• Collana: Woodhead publishing series in textiles, , 2042-0803 ; ; no. 132
• Altri autori (Persone): AnnisPatricia A
• Disciplina: 677.0287
• Soggetti: Textile fabrics - Testing; Textile fabrics - Production standards
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: "The Textile Institute."
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: pt. 1. Aspects of textile durability -- pt. 2. Durability of particular types of textiles.
• Sommario/riassunto: The ability of a fabric to resist wear is an essential aspect of its performance. Understanding and improving the durability of textiles provides a comprehensive guide to the factors affecting the durability of a range of different textiles.Part one addresses the different factors that affect textile durability, including the influence of fabric construction and fibre type, as well as properties affecting strength and dimensional stability. Colour fastness and the effects of light are discussed, along with methods for testing and improving wrinkle-; resistance and textile durability. Par