By force of thought [[electronic resource] ] : irregular memoirs of an intellectual journey / / János Kornai

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910452178203321
• Autore: Kornai János
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cambridge, Mass., : MIT Press, c2006
• ISBN: 0-262-61224-0; 1-282-09799-7; 9786612097997; 0-262-27744-1; 1-4294-6092-X
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (485 p.)
• Disciplina: 330.092; B
• Soggetti: Economists - Hungary; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (p. [431]-447) and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Preface; 1 My Family and Youth-1928-1944; 2 How I Became a Communist-1945-1947; 3 On a Communist Newspaper-1947-1955; 4 Waking Up-1953-1955; 5 The Beginning of a Research Career- 1955-October 23, 1956; 6 Revolution and After-October 23, 1956-1959; 7 My Universities-1957-1959; 8 The Economic Application of Mathematical Methods-1957-1968; 9 Traveling to the West-1963 Onward; 10 Against the Current-1967-1970; 11 Institute, University, and Academy-1967 Onward; 12 Pathfinding and Preparation-1971-1976; 13 Pieces Falling into Place-1971-1980; 14 A Breakthrough-1979 Onward; 15 Amicable, Dispassionate Criticism-1968-198916 Harvard-1984-2002; 17 At Home in Hungary and in the World- 1985 Onward; 18 Synthesis-1988-1993; 19 Turning Point-1989-1992; 20 On the Boundaries between Science and Politics- 1990 Onward; 21 Continuation-1990 Onward; Endnotes; Chronology; Glossary; References; Index
• Sommario/riassunto: "Janos Kornai, a distinguished Hungarian economist, began his adult ; life as an ardent believer in socialism and then became a critic of the communist political and economic system. He lost family members in the Holocaust, contributed to the ideological preparation for the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and became an influential theorist of the post-Soviet economic transition. He has been a journalist, a researcher prohibited from teaching in his home country, and a tenured professor at Harvard. By Force of Thought traces Kornai's lifelong intellectual journey and offers a subjective complement to his academic research."; "Kornai's memoir describes his research - including his present-day evaluation of his past work - as well as the social and political environments in which he did his work. The difficulties faced by a critic of central planning in a communist country are made especially vivid by material from newly opened secret police files and informers' reports on his activities. By Force of Thought will be a resource for students of economic thought, socialist systems, and postsocialist transition, and for readers interested in Eastern European intellectual life before, during, and after communism."--Jacket.

Coulson & Richardson's chemical engineering . Vol. 3a Chemical and biochemical reactors and reaction engineering / / edited by R. Ravi, R. Vinu, S. N. Gummadi

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910583035203321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Oxford : , : Butterworth-Heinemann, , 2017
• ISBN: 9780081012239; 0081012233; 9780081010969; 0081010966
• Edizione: [4th edition.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (598 pages) : illustrations
• Altri autori (Persone): CoulsonJ. M (John Metcalfe)
• Disciplina: 660
• Soggetti: Chemical engineering; Bioreactors
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Front Cover -- Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering -- Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering -- Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors and Reaction Engineering -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About Prof. Coulson -- About Prof. Richardson -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 - Reactor Design-General Principles -- 1.1 Basic Objectives in Design of a Reactor -- 1.1.1 By-products and Their Economic Importance -- 1.1.2 Preliminary Appraisal of a Reactor Project -- 1.2 Classification of Reactors and Choice of Reactor Type -- 1.2.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactors -- 1.2.2 Batch Reactors and Continuous Reactors -- 1.2.3 Variations in Contacting Pattern-Semibatch Operation -- 1.2.4 Influence of Heat of Reaction on Reactor Type -- 1.2.4.1 Adiabatic Reactors -- 1.2.4.2 Reactors With Heat Transfer -- 1.2.4.3 Autothermal Reactor Operation -- 1.3 Choice of Process Conditions -- 1.3.1 Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Kinetics -- 1.3.2 Calculation of Equilibrium Conversion -- 1.3.3 Ultimate Choice of Reactor Conditions -- 1.4 Material and Energy Balances -- 1.4.1 Material Balance and the Concept of Rate of Generation of a Species -- 1.4.2 Energy Balance -- 1.5 Chemical Kinetics and Rate Equations -- 1.5.1 Definition of Order of Reaction and Rate Constant -- 1.5.2 Influence of Temperature: Activation Energy -- 1.5.3 Rate Equations and Reaction Mechanism -- 1.5.4 Reversible Reactions -- 1.5.5 Experimental Determination of Kinetic Constants -- 1.6 Batch Reactors -- 1.6.1 Calculation of Reaction Time: Basic Design Equation -- 1.6.2 Reaction Time-Isothermal Operation -- 1.6.3 Maximum Production Rate -- 1.6.4 Reaction Time-Nonisothermal Operation -- 1.6.5 Adiabatic Operation -- 1.6.6 Kinetics From Batch Reactor Data -- 1.6.6.1 Differential Method -- 1.6.6.2 Integral Method.; 1.6.6.3 Differential Versus Integral Method: Comparison -- 1.6.6.4 Fractional Life Method -- 1.6.6.5 Kinetics of Gas-Phase Reactions From Pressure Measurements -- 1.7 Tubular Flow Reactors -- 1.7.1 Basic Design Equations for a Tubular Reactor -- 1.7.2 Tubular Reactors-Nonisothermal Operation -- 1.7.3 Pressure Drop in Tubular Reactors -- 1.7.4 Kinetic Data From Tubular Reactors -- 1.8 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors -- 1.8.1 Assumption of Ideal Mixing: Residence Time -- 1.8.2 Design Equations for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors -- 1.8.3 Graphical Methods -- 1.8.4 Autothermal Operation -- 1.8.5 Kinetic Data From Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors -- 1.9 Comparison of Batch, Tubular, and Stirred Tank Reactors for a Single Reaction: Reactor Output -- 1.9.1 Batch Reactor and Tubular Plug Flow Reactor -- 1.9.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor -- 1.9.2.1 One Tank -- 1.9.2.2 Two Tanks -- 1.9.3 Comparison of Reactors -- 1.10 Comparison of Batch, Tubular, and Stirred Tank Reactors for Multiple Reactions: Reactor Yield -- 1.10.1 Types of Multiple Reactions -- 1.10.2 Yield and Selectivity -- 1.10.3 Reactor Type and Backmixing -- 1.10.4 Reactions in Parallel -- 1.10.4.1 Requirements for High Yield -- 1.10.4.1.1 Reactant Concentration and Reactor Type -- 1.10.4.1.2 Pressure in Gas-Phase Reactions -- 1.10.4.1.3 Temperature of Operation -- 1.10.4.1.4 Choice of Catalyst -- 1.10.4.2 Yield and Reactor Output -- 1.10.5 Reactions in Parallel-Two Reactants -- 1.10.6 Reactions in Series -- 1.10.6.1 Batch Reactor or Tubular Plug Flow Reactor -- 1.10.6.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor-One Tank -- 1.10.6.3 Reactor Comparison and Conclusions -- 1.10.6.3.1 Reactor Type -- 1.10.6.3.2 Conversion in Reactor -- 1.10.6.3.3 Temperature -- 1.10.6.3.4 General Conclusions -- 1.10.7 Reactions in Series-Two Reactants -- 1.11 Appendix: Simplified Energy Balance Equations for Flow Reactors.; Nomenclature -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 - Flow Characteristics of Reactors-Flow Modeling -- 2.1 Nonideal Flow and ; Residence Time Distribution -- 2.1.1 Types of Nonideal Flow Patterns -- 2.1.2 Residence Time Distribution: Basic Concepts and Definitions -- 2.1.3 Experimental Determination of E(t) and F(t) -- 2.1.3.1 The Convolution Formula -- 2.1.3.2 Step and Impulse Responses -- 2.1.4 E and F Functions for Ideal Reactors -- 2.1.4.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor -- 2.1.4.2 Plug Flow Reactor -- 2.1.5 Statistics of Residence Time Distribution -- 2.1.6 Application of Tracer Information to Reactors -- 2.2 Zero-Parameter Models-Complete Segregation and Maximum Mixedness Models -- 2.2.1 Special Case of First-Order Reactions: Equivalence of the Segregated and Maximum Mixedness Models -- 2.2.2 PFR and Zero-Parameter Models -- 2.2.3 Residence Time Distribution of the CSTR and the Zero-Parameter Models -- 2.2.4 Bounds on Conversion: Some General Rules -- 2.2.4.1 Zero-Order Kinetics -- 2.2.4.2 First-Order Kinetics -- 2.2.4.3 Second-Order Kinetics -- 2.3 Tanks-in-Series Model -- 2.3.1 Predicting Reactor Conversion From Tanks-in-Series Model -- 2.4 Dispersed Plug Flow Model -- 2.4.1 Axial Dispersion and Model Development -- 2.4.2 Basic Differential Equation -- 2.4.3 Response to an Ideal Pulse Input of Tracer -- 2.4.4 Experimental Determination of Dispersion Coefficient From a Pulse Input -- 2.4.4.1 Many Equally Spaced Points -- 2.4.4.2 Relatively Few Data Points but Each Concentration Ci Measured Instantaneously at Time ti () -- 2.4.4.3 Data Collected by a "Mixing Cup" -- 2.4.5 Further Development of Tracer Injection Theory -- 2.4.5.1 Significance of the Boundary Conditions -- 2.4.5.2 Dispersion Coefficients From Nonideal Pulse Data -- 2.4.5.3 Pulse of Tracer Moving Through a Series of Vessels.; 2.4.6 Values of Dispersion Coefficients From Theory and Experiment -- 2.4.7 Dispersed Plug Flow Model With First-Order Chemical Reaction -- 2.4.7.1 Case of Small DL/uL -- 2.4.7.2 Comparison With a Simple Plug Flow Reactor -- 2.4.8 Applications and Limitations of the Dispersed Plug Flow Model -- 2.5 Models Involving Combinations of the Basic Flow Elements -- Nomenclature -- References -- 3 - Gas-Solid Reactions and Reactors -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mass Transfer Within Porous Solids -- 3.2.1 The Effective Diffusivity -- 3.2.1.1 The Molecular Flow Region -- 3.2.1.2 The Knudsen Flow Region -- 3.2.1.3 The Transition Region -- 3.2.1.4 Forced Flow in Pores -- 3.3 Chemical Reaction in Porous Catalyst Pellets -- 3.3.1 Isothermal Reactions in Porous Catalyst Pellets -- 3.3.2 Effect of Intraparticle Diffusion on Experimental Parameters -- 3.3.3 Nonisothermal Reactions in Porous Catalyst Pellets -- 3.3.4 Criteria for Diffusion Control -- 3.3.5 Selectivity in Catalytic Reactions Influenced by Mass and Heat Transfer Effects -- 3.3.5.1 Isothermal Conditions -- 3.3.5.2 Nonisothermal Conditions -- 3.3.5.3 Selectivity of Bifunctional Catalysts -- 3.3.6 Catalyst Deactivation and Poisoning -- 3.4 Mass Transfer From a Fluid Stream to a Solid Surface -- 3.5 Chemical Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions -- 3.5.1 Adsorption of a Reactant as the Rate-Determining Step -- 3.5.2 Surface Reaction as the Rate-Determining Step -- 3.5.3 Desorption of a Product as the Rate-Determining Step -- 3.5.4 Rate-Determining Steps for Other Mechanisms -- 3.5.5 Examples of Rate Equations for Industrially Important Reactions -- 3.5.6 Mechanism of Catalyst Poisoning -- 3.6 Design Calculations -- 3.6.1 Packed Tubular Reactors -- 3.6.1.1 Behavior of Reactors in the Absence of Dispersion -- 3.6.1.1.1 Isothermal Conditions -- 3.6.1.1.2 Adiabatic Conditions.; 3.6.1.1.3 Nonisothermal and Nonadiabatic Conditions -- 3.6.1.2 Dispersion in Packed Bed Reactors -- 3.6.1.2.1 The Nature of Dispersion -- 3.6.1.2.2 Axial Dispersion -- 3.6.1.2.3 Axial and Radial dispersion-Nonisothermal Conditions -- 3.6.2 Thermal Characteristics ; of Packed Reactors -- 3.6.2.1 Sensitivity of Countercurrent Cooled Reactors -- 3.6.2.2 The Autothermal Region -- 3.6.2.3 Stability of Packed Bed Tubular Reactors -- 3.6.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors -- 3.7 Gas-Solid Noncatalytic Reactors -- 3.7.1 Modeling and Design of Gas-Solid Reactors -- 3.7.2 Single Particle Unreacted Core Models -- 3.7.2.1 Unreacted Core Model-Chemical Reaction Control -- 3.7.2.2 Unreacted Core Model-Gas Film Control -- 3.7.2.3 Unreacted Core Model-Solid Product Layer Control -- 3.7.2.4 Limitations of Simple Models-Solids Structure -- 3.7.2.5 Shrinking Particles and Film Growth -- 3.7.3 Types of Equipment and Contacting Patterns -- 3.7.3.1 Fluidized Bed Reactor -- Nomenclature -- References -- Further Reading -- 4 - Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors -- 4.1 Gas-Liquid Reactors -- 4.1.1 Gas-Liquid Reactions -- 4.1.2 Types of Reactors -- 4.1.3 Rate Equations for Mass Transfer With Chemical Reaction -- 4.1.3.1 Rate of Transformation of A per Unit Volume of Reactor -- 4.1.3.1.1 Region I: β 2 -- 4.1.3.1.2 Region II: 0.02<β<2 -- 4.1.3.1.3 Region III: β<0.02 -- 4.1.4 Choice of a Suitable Reactor -- 4.1.5 Information Required for Gas-Liquid Reactor Design -- 4.1.5.1 Kinetic Constants of the Reaction -- 4.1.5.2 Physical Properties of the Gas and Liquid -- 4.1.5.3 Equipment Characteristics -- 4.1.6 Examples of Gas-Liquid Reactors -- 4.1.6.1 Packed Column Reactors -- 4.1.6.1.1 Height of Packing -- 4.1.6.1.2 Confirmation of Pseudo-First-Order Behavior -- 4.1.6.1.3 Further Comments -- 4.1.6.2 Agitated Tank Reactors: Flow Patterns of Gas and Liquid -- 4.1.6.2.1 Further Comments.; 4.1.6.3 Well-Mixed Bubble Column Reactors: Gas-Liquid Flow Patterns and Mass Transfer.
• Sommario/riassunto: Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors and Reaction Engineering, Fourth Edition, covers reactor design, flow modelling, gas-liquid and gas-solid reactions and reactors.- Captures content converted from textbooks into fully revised reference material- Includes content ranging from foundational through technical- Features emerging applications, numerical methods and computational tools