Changes in the human-monsoon system of East Asia in the context of global change [[electronic resource] /] / editors Congbin Fu, J.R. Freney, J.W.B. Stewart

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910455343203321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore ; ; Hackensack, NJ, : World Scientific, c2008
• ISBN: 981-283-242-4
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (384 p.)
• Collana: Monsoon Asia integrated regional study on global change ; ; v. 1
• Altri autori (Persone): FuCongbin; FreneyJ. R (John Raymond); StewartJ. W. B
• Disciplina: 551.695
• Soggetti: Monsoons - East Asia; Climatic changes - East Asia; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; Introduction; 1. Variability of Monsoon; 2. Atmospheric Composition; 3. Land Use Change; 4. Marine/Coastal Systems; 5. Driving Forces; Part I Variability of Monsoon; 1. Thermal-Dynamical E.ects of the Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian Monsoon Guoxiong Wu, Qiong Zhang, Anmin Duan and Jiangyu Mao E-mail: [e-mail]; 1. Introduction; 2. Seasonal Transition of the Asian Monsoon; 3. Summer Climate over Subtropical Asia; 3.1. Summer heating and corresponding circulation; 3.2. Influence of mountain waves; 4. Effects on Bimodality of the South Asian High in Summer4.1. Bimodality of the South Asian high; 4.2. Bimodality and the climate anomaly; 5. Discussion; Literature Cited; 2. Paleo-Monsoon Variations in East Asia Reconstructed from Terrestrial Records Li Li and Zhisheng An E-mail: [e-mail]; 1. Introduction; 2. History; 3. Past Monsoon Variability; 4. Discussion; Literature Cited; 3. Paleo-Monsoon Evolution and Variability Derived from Deep-Sea Sediments Pinxian Wang E-mail: [e-mail]; 1. Introduction; 2. Monsoon Evolution at Tectonic Time Scales; 2.1. Land-sea distribution and initiation of the Asian monsoon system2.2. Uplift of plateau and stepwise development of monsoons; 3. Monsoon Response to Glacial Cycles; 3.1. Use of monsoon proxies; 3.2. Geographic di.erences in monsoon records; 3.3. Orbital forcing of monsoon variations; 4. Monsoon Variations at Millennial and Decadal Scales; 4.1. Millennial-scale variations; 4.2. Centennial- and decadal-scale variations; 5. Conclusions; Literature Cited; 4. Late Quaternary Paleoclimate Simulations and Model Comparisons for the East Asian Monsoon Ge Yu, Sandy P. Harrison, Xing Chen and Yingqun Zheng E-mail: [e-mail]1. Introduction; 2. Data Synthesis; 2.1. Chinese lake status database; 2.2. BIOME 6000 data sets for China; 2.3. Loess records; 3. Paleoclimate Simulations; 3.1. 6,000 years ago; 3.2. 21,000 years ago; 3.3. 35,000 years ago; 4. Implications; Literature Cited; 5. El Ni ̃no and the Southern Oscillation-Monsoon Interaction and Interannual Climate Chongyin Li and Ronghui Huang E-mail: [e-mail]; 1. Introduction; 2. Impacts of ENSO on the Asian Monsoon2.1. East Asian summer monsoon and ENSO; 2.1.1. Interannual variability of rainfall; 2.1.2. Impact of ENSO on summer rainfall; 2.2. East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO; 3. The Forced ENSO by an Anomalous Winter Monsoon; 3.1. Occurrence of ENSO and anomalous East Asian winter monsoon; 3.2. Dynamical impact of anomalous winter monsoon; 3.3. Numerical simulation of anomalous winter monsoon exciting ENSO; 4. Variability of Relationship between Asian Monsoon and ENSO; 5. Interannual Climate Variability; 6. Conclusions; Literature Cited; Part II Atmospheric Composition
• Sommario/riassunto: This book is the first in a series of assessments of regional climate change. Irreversible changes to regional biogeochemistry, and terrestrial and marine ecosystem functioning are brought about by increases in population, intensified land use, urbanization, industrialization and economic development. These may have global as well as regional consequences. The objectives of the assessments are, (i) to better understand how human activities in regions are altering regional atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine environments, (ii) to provide a sound scientific basis for sustainable regional develo

The economics of collusion [[electronic resource] ] : cartels and bidding rings / / Robert C. Marshall and Leslie M. Marx

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910451971503321
• Autore: Marshall Robert C. <1956->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cambridge, Mass., : MIT Press, c2012
• ISBN: 0-262-30073-7; 1-280-49893-5; 9786613594167; 0-262-30150-4
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (315 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): MarxLeslie M. <1967->
• Disciplina: 338.8/2
• Soggetti: Price fixing; Cartels; Competition; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
• Nota di contenuto: ""Contents""; ""Preface""; ""Chapter 1. Introduction ""; ""1.1 Motivating Example""; ""1.2 Collusion within Porterâ€?s Five Forces""; ""1.3 Difficulties of Collusion""; ""1.4 Environments Requiring Explicit Collusion""; ""1.5 Lingering Price Effects of Explicit Collusion""; ""1.6 Price Formation Process""; ""1.7 Economic Rationale for the Illegality of Explicit Collusion""; ""1.8 Cartel Detection""; ""1.9 Outline of the Book""; ""1.10 Appendix: Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Tacit Collusion""; ""Part I. Collusion in Practice""; ""Chapter 2. Narrative of a Cartel""; ""2.1 The Story Begins""""2.2 Initiation of the Cartel""; ""2.3 Market Share Division""; ""2.4 Price Increases and Announcements""; ""2.5 Sales Force Issues""; ""2.6 Redistributions""; ""2.7 Questions and Answers""; ""Chapter 3. Narrative of a Bidding Ring""; ""3.1 Preamble""; ""3.2 The Instruction Begins""; ""3.3 Two Motivations for the Ring""; ""3.4 Ring Logistics""; ""3.5 Ring Membership""; ""3.6 Auctioneerâ€?s Response""; ""3.7 Implementation of Sidepayments""; ""3.8 Questions and Answers""; ""Chapter 4. Narrative of Cartel Detection""; ""4.1 ; Preamble""; ""4.2 The Seminar Begins""; ""4.3 Taxonomy of Cartel Actions""""4.4 Economic Evidence of Collusion""; ""4.5 Questions and Answers""; ""Part II. Economics of Cartels""; ""Chapter 5. Suppression of Rivalry by Cartels""; ""5.1 Basics""; ""5.2 Buyer Resistance""; ""5.3 Model of Price Competition without Buyer Resistance""; ""5.4 Collusive Outcomes""; ""5.5 Incentives for Cheating""; ""5.6 Conclusion""; ""Chapter 6. Implementation of Collusion by Cartels""; ""6.1 The Central Cartel Problem and the Solution""; ""6.2 Pricing Structures""; ""6.3 Allocation Structures""; ""6.4 Enforcement Structures""; ""6.5 Conclusion""; ""6.6 Appendix: Third-Party Facilitation""""Chapter 7. Beyond the Suppression of Within-cartel Rivalry""; ""7.1 Sharing Mutually Beneficial Investments""; ""7.2 A Dominant Firm versus a Cartel Acting as a Dominant Firm""; ""7.3 Direct Actions against Noncartel Firms""; ""7.4 Perimeter Forces""; ""7.5 Sixth Force of Government""; ""7.6 Conclusion""; ""7.7 Appendix: Antitrust Exemptions""; ""Part III. Economics of Bidding Rings""; ""Chapter 8. Suppression of Interbidder Rivalry by Rings""; ""8.1 Role of Auctions and Procurements in Price Discovery""; ""8.2 Suppression of Rivalry at an Auction""; ""8.3 Ring Composition""""8.4 Effects of Auction Format and Ring Size""; ""8.5 Conclusion""; ""8.6 Appendix A: Numerical Example of Leakage at a Sealed-Bid Auction""; ""8.7 Appendix B: Numerical Example of Membership and Participation at a Sealed-Bid Auction""; ""Chapter 9. Implementation of Collusion by Rings""; ""9.1 Rings versus Cartels""; ""9.2 Ring Secret Deviations""; ""9.3 Ring Pricing Structures and Seller Resistance""; ""9.4 Ring Allocation Structures""; ""9.5 Ring Enforcement Structures""; ""9.6 Ring Mechanisms for Standard Auction Types""; ""9.7 Efficiency of Allocations""; ""9.8 Conclusion""
• Sommario/riassunto: Explicit collusion is an agreement among competitors to suppress rivalry that relies on interfirm communication and/or transfers. Rivalry between competitors erodes profits; the suppression of rivalry through collusion is one avenue by which firms can enhance profits. Many cartels and bidding rings function for years in a stable and peaceful manner despite the illegality of their agreements and incentives for deviation by their members. In The Economics of Collusion, Robert Marshall and Leslie Marx offer an examination of collusive behavior: what it is, why it is profitable, how it is implemented, and how it might be detected. Marshall and Marx, who have studied collusion extensively for two decades, begin with three narratives: the organization and implementation of a cartel, the organization and implementation of a bidding ring, and a parent company's efforts to detect collusion by its divisions. These accounts--fictitious, but rooted in the inner workings and details from actual cases--offer a novel and engaging way for the reader to understand the basics of collusive behavior. The narratives are followed by detailed economic analyses of cartels, bidding rings, and detection. The narratives offer an engaging entree to the more rigorous economic discussion that follows. The book is accessible to any reader who understands basic economic reasoning. Mathematical material is flagged with asterisks.