Aiding Violence [[electronic resource] ] : The Development Enterprise in Rwanda

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910450526903321
• Autore: Uvin Peter <1962->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Bloomfield, : Kumarian Press, 1998
• ISBN: 1-56549-251-X
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (288 p.)
• Disciplina: 967.57104
• Soggetti: Crimes against; Economic assistance; Genocide; History; Tutsi (African people); Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di contenuto: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I Background -- 1 Rwanda before Independence: A Contested History -- 2 After Independence: Strategies for Elite Consolidation -- Development as Legitimization -- The Ideology of the Social Revolution -- The Roots of Prejudice -- The Institutionalized Structure of Prejudice -- 3 The Image of Rwanda in the Development Community -- The Importance of Development Aid in Rwanda -- The Image: Development against the Odds -- The Data -- From Development to Relief: Explaining the Transition -- Part II Crisis, Elite Manipulation, and Violence in the 1990s -- 4 Political and Economic Crises and the Radicalization of Society -- Economic Crises -- Political Crises -- From Elite Fear to the Incitation of Genocide -- Beyond the Standard Explanation -- 5 Under the Volcano: The Development Community in the 1990s -- On Knowledge and Ignorance -- The 1990s Development Community -- The Broader Picture -- Part III The Condition of Structural Violence -- 6 From Structural to Acute Violence -- Poverty and Inequality -- The Forces of Exclusion -- Prejudice and Humiliation -- From Structural Violence to Genocide -- 7 Aid and Structural ; Violence -- The Impact of Development Aid on Structural Violence -- Why the Blindness? -- Part IV Two Issues: The Role of Civil Society and Ecological Resource Scarcity -- 8 And Where Was Civil Society? -- Overview of the Associative Sector in Rwanda -- The Puzzle of Civil Society in Rwanda -- Civil Society: Quantity versus Quality -- On the Democratizing Impact of Civil Society -- 9 The Role of Ecological Resource Scarcity -- Rwanda's Ecology: An Overview -- Ecological Resource Scarcity: Challenges and Responses -- Genocide and Ecological Resource Scarcity -- Part V Conclusions -- 10 Why Did People Participate in Genocide? A Theoretically Informed Synthesis.; Political Science and Sociological Explanations -- Psychological Explanations -- Additional Factors of Importance -- 11 Development Aid: Conclusions and Paths for Reflection -- The Dual Role of Aid -- The Politics of Development Interventions -- Democratization and Civil Society -- Aid and Political Conditionality -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author -- ILLUSTRATIONS -- Figure 3.1 Financial Flows into Rwanda, 1977-93 -- Figure 3.2 Rwanda's Imports and Exports -- Table 3.1 Economic Development Indicators -- Table 3.2 Some Social Indicators of Development -- Figure 4.1 Food and Agricultural Production Index -- Figure 4.2 Coffee and Tea Exports -- Table 4.1 Chronology of Political Events, September1990-April 1994 -- Table 5.1 Development Aid, 1987-93 -- Table 7.1 Thirty Years of Swiss Aid to Rwanda.
• Sommario/riassunto: *Winner of the African Studies Association's 1999 Herskovits Award *A boldly critical look at structural violence relating to the 1994 Rwanda genocide Aiding Violence expresses outrage at the contradiction of massive genocide in a country considered by Western aid agencies to be a model of development. Focusing on the 1990s dynamics of militarization and polarization that resulted in genocide, Uvin reveals how aid enterprises reacted, or failed to react, to those dynamics. By outlining the profound structural basis on which the genocidal edifice was built, the book exposes practices of inequality, exclusion, and humiliation throughout Rwanda.

Molecular Catalysts for CO2 Fixation/Reduction

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910557255103321
• Autore: Ishida Hitoshi
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Frontiers Media SA, 2020
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (164 p.)
• Soggetti: Science: general issues
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Sommario/riassunto: Society is currently confronted with the continuing environmental problems of global warming and ocean acidification related to increasing CO2 emission from anthropogenic sources. These environmental issues are also connected to the inevitable energy supply shortage due to the eventual depletion of fossil fuel sources. As a solution, the technology of recycling CO2 into useful organic materials continues to attract attention. This methodology can be categorized into two main parts: CO2 fixation and CO2 reduction. For both reactions, molecular catalysts based on transition metal coordination complexes and organometallic compounds have been developed and examined. Molecular catalysts can be characterized and iteratively improved at the molecular level through spectroscopic experiments and the isolation of intermediate species, which is particularly advantageous in comparison to heterogeneous catalysts. The fixation of CO2 into organic compounds to form a carbon-carbon bond by using organometallic catalysts is a direct methodology for CO2 utilization and represents the potential reversible storage of electrochemical energy in chemical bonds. The resultant carboxylic acid-containing compounds formed as the initial products can be subsequently converted into other organic materials, even products with new chiral centers. The reduction of CO2 by two electrons (often with a proton donor as a co-substrate) yields carbon monoxide (CO) and formic acid (HCOOH), which can be further converted to useful ; chemicals. Reduction reactions involving more than two electrons and two protons can produce formaldehyde (HCHO), methanol (CH3OH), and methane (CH4), which are also desirable as chemicals and fuels. For molecular electrocatalysts, more negative potentials than the equilibrium ones for CO2 reduction are generally required; the difficulty is that the equilibrium potentials for CO2 reduction are generally negative of the equilibrium potential for proton reduction to produce H2, representing a competing thermodynamically favored process. A complementary approach to an electrochemical one is to mediate CO2 reduction with photo-induced electron transfer reactions. Photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction can be used to achieve artificial photosynthesis, or the production of commodity chemicals and fuels with renewable energy inputs originating from solar sources. This Research Topic covers the molecular catalysts based on coordination and organometallic compounds for CO2 fixation/reduction. It includes chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical reactions. It also covers systematic studies of reaction mechanisms and the spectroscopic characterization of catalytic intermediates. Molecular catalysts for CO2 fixation/reduction used as co-catalysts with heterogeneous catalytic systems are also included. Non-precious and abundant transition metal catalysts for CO2 fixation/reduction are important for future industrial applications as core components of the next generation of energy technologies.