Concentration Compactness for Critical Wave Maps [[electronic resource] /] / Joachim Krieger, Wilhelm Schlag

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910151927803321
• Autore: Krieger Joachim
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Zuerich, Switzerland, : European Mathematical Society Publishing House, 2012
• ISBN: 3-03719-606-8
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (490 pages)
• Collana: EMS Monographs in Mathematics (EMM) ; , 2523-5192
• Classificazione: 35-xx53-xx
• Soggetti: Differential equations; Differential & Riemannian geometry; Partial differential equations; Differential geometry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Sommario/riassunto: Wave maps are the simplest wave equations taking their values in a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$. Their Lagrangian is the same as for the scalar equation, the only difference being that lengths are measured with respect to the metric $g$. By Noether's theorem, symmetries of the Lagrangian imply conservation laws for wave maps, such as conservation of energy. In coordinates, wave maps are given by a system of semilinear wave equations. Over the past 20 years important methods have emerged which address the problem of local and global wellposedness of this system. Due to weak dispersive effects, wave maps defined on Minkowski spaces of low dimensions, such as $\mathbb R^{2+1}_{t,x}$, present particular technical difficulties. This class of wave maps has the additional important feature of being energy critical, which refers to the fact that the energy scales exactly like the equation. Around 2000 Daniel Tataru and Terence Tao, building on earlier work of Klainerman-Machedon, proved that smooth data of small energy lead to global smooth solutions for wave maps from 2+1 dimensions into target manifolds satisfying some natural conditions. In contrast, for large data, singularities may occur in finite ; time for $M =\mathbb S^2$ as target. This monograph establishes that for $\mathbb H$ as target the wave map evolution of any smooth data exists globally as a smooth function. While we restrict ourselves to the hyperbolic plane as target the implementation of the concentration-compactness method, the most challenging piece of this exposition, yields more detailed information on the solution. This monograph will be of interest to experts in nonlinear dispersive equations, in particular to those working on geometric evolution equations.

Fundamentals of silicon carbide technology : growth, characterization, devices and applications / / Tsunenobu Kimoto, James A. Cooper

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910820808203321
• Autore: Kimoto Tsunenobu <1963->
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Singapore : , : John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., , [2014]; [Piscataqay, New Jersey] : , : IEEE Xplore, , [2014]
• ISBN: 1-118-31353-4; 1-118-31354-2
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (555 p.)
• Altri autori (Persone): CooperJames A. <1946->
• Disciplina: 621.3815/2
• Soggetti: Silicon carbide; Semiconductors; Integrated circuits
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
• Nota di contenuto: About the Authors xi -- Preface xiii -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Progress in Electronics 1 -- 1.2 Features and Brief History of Silicon Carbide 3 -- 1.2.1 Early History 3 -- 1.2.2 Innovations in SiC Crystal Growth 4 -- 1.2.3 Promise and Demonstration of SiC Power Devices 5 -- 1.3 Outline of This Book 6 -- References 6 -- 2 Physical Properties of Silicon Carbide 11 -- 2.1 Crystal Structure 11 -- 2.2 Electrical and Optical Properties 16 -- 2.2.1 Band Structure 16 -- 2.2.2 Optical Absorption Coefficient and Refractive Index 18 -- 2.2.3 Impurity Doping and ; Carrier Density 20 -- 2.2.4 Mobility 23 -- 2.2.5 Drift Velocity 27 -- 2.2.6 Breakdown Electric Field Strength 28 -- 2.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 30 -- 2.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 30 -- 2.3.2 Phonons 31 -- 2.3.3 Hardness and Mechanical Properties 32 -- 2.4 Summary 32 -- References 33 -- 3 Bulk Growth of Silicon Carbide 39 -- 3.1 Sublimation Growth 39 -- 3.1.1 Phase Diagram of Si-C 39 -- 3.1.2 Basic Phenomena Occurring during the Sublimation (Physical Vapor Transport) Method 39 -- 3.1.3 Modeling and Simulation 44 -- 3.2 Polytype Control in Sublimation Growth 46 -- 3.3 Defect Evolution and Reduction in Sublimation Growth 50 -- 3.3.1 Stacking Faults 50 -- 3.3.2 Micropipe Defects 51 -- 3.3.3 Threading Screw Dislocation 53 -- 3.3.4 Threading Edge Dislocation and Basal Plane Dislocation 54 -- 3.3.5 Defect Reduction 57 -- 3.4 Doping Control in Sublimation Growth 59 -- 3.4.1 Impurity Incorporation 59 -- 3.4.2 n-Type Doping 61 -- 3.4.3 p-Type Doping 61 -- 3.4.4 Semi-Insulating 62 -- 3.5 High-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition 64 -- 3.6 Solution Growth 66 -- 3.7 3C-SiC Wafers Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition 67 -- 3.8 Wafering and Polishing 67 -- 3.9 Summary 69 -- References 69 -- 4 Epitaxial Growth of Silicon Carbide 75 -- 4.1 Fundamentals of SiC Homoepitaxy 75 -- 4.1.1 Polytype Replication in SiC Epitaxy 75 -- 4.1.2 Theoretical Model of SiC Homoepitaxy 78 -- 4.1.3 Growth Rate and Modeling 83 -- 4.1.4 Surface Morphology and Step Dynamics 87.; 4.1.5 Reactor Design for SiC Epitaxy 89 -- 4.2 Doping Control in SiC CVD 90 -- 4.2.1 Background Doping 90 -- 4.2.2 n-Type Doping 91 -- 4.2.3 p-Type Doping 92 -- 4.3 Defects in SiC Epitaxial Layers 93 -- 4.3.1 Extended Defects 93 -- 4.3.2 Deep Levels 102 -- 4.4 Fast Homoepitaxy of SiC 105 -- 4.5 SiC Homoepitaxy on Non-standard Planes 107 -- 4.5.1 SiC Homoepitaxy on Nearly On-Axis {0001} 107 -- 4.5.2 SiC Homoepitaxy on Non-basal Planes 108 -- 4.5.3 Embedded Homoepitaxy of SiC 110 -- 4.6 SiC Homoepitaxy by Other Techniques 110 -- 4.7 Heteroepitaxy of 3C-SiC 111 -- 4.7.1 Heteroepitaxial Growth of 3C-SiC on Si 111 -- 4.7.2 Heteroepitaxial Growth of 3C-SiC on Hexagonal SiC 114 -- 4.8 Summary 114 -- References 115 -- 5 Characterization Techniques and Defects in Silicon Carbide 125 -- 5.1 Characterization Techniques 125 -- 5.1.1 Photoluminescence 126 -- 5.1.2 Raman Scattering 134 -- 5.1.3 Hall Effect and Capacitance-Voltage Measurements 136 -- 5.1.4 Carrier Lifetime Measurements 137 -- 5.1.5 Detection of Extended Defects 142 -- 5.1.6 Detection of Point Defects 150 -- 5.2 Extended Defects in SiC 155 -- 5.2.1 Major Extended Defects in SiC 155 -- 5.2.2 Bipolar Degradation 156 -- 5.2.3 Effects of Extended Defects on SiC Device Performance 161 -- 5.3 Point Defects in SiC 165 -- 5.3.1 Major Deep Levels in SiC 165 -- 5.3.2 Carrier Lifetime Killer 174 -- 5.4 Summary 179 -- References 180 -- 6 Device Processing of Silicon Carbide 189 -- 6.1 Ion Implantation 189 -- 6.1.1 Selective Doping Techniques 190 -- 6.1.2 Formation of an n-Type Region by Ion Implantation 191 -- 6.1.3 Formation of a p-Type Region by Ion Implantation 197 -- 6.1.4 Formation of a Semi-Insulating Region by Ion Implantation 200 -- 6.1.5 High-Temperature Annealing and Surface Roughening 201 -- 6.1.6 Defect Formation by Ion Implantation and Subsequent Annealing 203 -- 6.2 Etching 208 -- 6.2.1 Reactive Ion Etching 208 -- 6.2.2 High-Temperature Gas Etching 211 -- 6.2.3 Wet Etching 212 -- 6.3 Oxidation and Oxide/SiC Interface Characteristics 212.; 6.3.1 Oxidation Rate 213 -- 6.3.2 Dielectric Properties of Oxides 215 -- 6.3.3 Structural and Physical Characterization of Thermal Oxides 217 -- 6.3.4 Electrical Characterization Techniques and Their Limitations 219 -- 6.3.5 Properties of the Oxide/SiC Interface and Their Improvement 234 -- 6.3.6 Interface Properties of Oxide/SiC on ; Various Faces 241 -- 6.3.7 Mobility-Limiting Factors 244 -- 6.4 Metallization 248 -- 6.4.1 Schottky Contacts on n-Type and p-Type SiC 249 -- 6.4.2 Ohmic Contacts to n-Type and p-Type SiC 255 -- 6.5 Summary 262 -- References 263 -- 7 Unipolar and Bipolar Power Diodes 277 -- 7.1 Introduction to SiC Power Switching Devices 277 -- 7.1.1 Blocking Voltage 277 -- 7.1.2 Unipolar Power Device Figure of Merit 280 -- 7.1.3 Bipolar Power Device Figure of Merit 281 -- 7.2 Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) 282 -- 7.3 pn and pin Junction Diodes 286 -- 7.3.1 High-Level Injection and the Ambipolar Diffusion Equation 288 -- 7.3.2 Carrier Densities in the "i" Region 290 -- 7.3.3 Potential Drop across the "i" Region 292 -- 7.3.4 Current-Voltage Relationship 293 -- 7.4 Junction-Barrier Schottky (JBS) and Merged pin-Schottky (MPS) Diodes 296 -- References 300 -- 8 Unipolar Power Switching Devices 301 -- 8.1 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs) 301 -- 8.1.1 Pinch-Off Voltage 302 -- 8.1.2 Current-Voltage Relationship 303 -- 8.1.3 Saturation Drain Voltage 304 -- 8.1.4 Specific On-Resistance 305 -- 8.1.5 Enhancement-Mode and Depletion-Mode Operation 308 -- 8.1.6 Power JFET Implementations 311 -- 8.2 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 312 -- 8.2.1 Review of MOS Electrostatics 312 -- 8.2.2 MOS Electrostatics with Split Quasi-Fermi Levels 315 -- 8.2.3 MOSFET Current-Voltage Relationship 316 -- 8.2.4 Saturation Drain Voltage 319 -- 8.2.5 Specific On-Resistance 319 -- 8.2.6 Power MOSFET Implementations: DMOSFETs and UMOSFETs 320 -- 8.2.7 Advanced DMOSFET Designs 321 -- 8.2.8 Advanced UMOS Designs 324 -- 8.2.9 Threshold Voltage Control 326.; 8.2.10 Inversion Layer Electron Mobility 329 -- 8.2.11 Oxide Reliability 339 -- 8.2.12 MOSFET Transient Response 342 -- References 350 -- 9 Bipolar Power Switching Devices 353 -- 9.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 353 -- 9.1.1 Internal Currents 353 -- 9.1.2 Gain Parameters 355 -- 9.1.3 Terminal Currents 357 -- 9.1.4 Current-Voltage Relationship 359 -- 9.1.5 High-Current Effects in the Collector: Saturation and Quasi-Saturation 360 -- 9.1.6 High-Current Effects in the Base: the Rittner Effect 366 -- 9.1.7 High-Current Effects in the Collector: Second Breakdown and the Kirk Effect 368 -- 9.1.8 Common Emitter Current Gain: Temperature Dependence 370 -- 9.1.9 Common Emitter Current Gain: the Effect of Recombination 371 -- 9.1.10 Blocking Voltage 373 -- 9.2 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 373 -- 9.2.1 Current-Voltage Relationship 374 -- 9.2.2 Blocking Voltage 384 -- 9.2.3 Switching Characteristics 385 -- 9.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Parameters 391 -- 9.3 Thyristors 392 -- 9.3.1 Forward Conducting Regime 393 -- 9.3.2 Forward Blocking Regime and Triggering 398 -- 9.3.3 The Turn-On Process 404 -- 9.3.4 dV/dt Triggering 406 -- 9.3.5 The dI/dt Limitation 407 -- 9.3.6 The Turn-Off Process 407 -- 9.3.7 Reverse-Blocking Mode 415 -- References 415 -- 10 Optimization and Comparison of Power Devices 417 -- 10.1 Blocking Voltage and Edge Terminations for SiC Power Devices 417 -- 10.1.1 Impact Ionization and Avalanche Breakdown 418 -- 10.1.2 Two-Dimensional Field Crowding and Junction Curvature 423 -- 10.1.3 Trench Edge Terminations 424 -- 10.1.4 Beveled Edge Terminations 425 -- 10.1.5 Junction Termination Extensions (JTEs) 427 -- 10.1.6 Floating Field-Ring (FFR) Terminations 429 -- 10.1.7 Multiple-Floating-Zone (MFZ) JTE and Space-Modulated (SM) JTE 432 -- 10.2 Optimum Design of Unipolar Drift Regions 435 -- 10.2.1 Vertical Drift Regions 435 -- 10.2.2 Lateral Drift Regions 438 -- 10.3 Comparison of Device Performance 440 -- References 443 -- 11 Applications of Silicon Carbide Devices in Power Systems 445.; 11.1 Introduction to Power Electronic Systems 445 -- 11.2 Basic Power Converter Circuits 446 -- 11.2.1 Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled ; Rectifiers and Inverters 446 -- 11.2.2 Switch-Mode DC-DC Converters 450 -- 11.2.3 Switch-Mode Inverters 453 -- 11.3 Power Electronics for Motor Drives 458 -- 11.3.1 Introduction to Electric Motors and Motor Drives 458 -- 11.3.2 DC Motor Drives 459 -- 11.3.3 Induction Motor Drives 460 -- 11.3.4 Synchronous Motor Drives 465 -- 11.3.5 Motor Drives for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 468 -- 11.4 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy 471 -- 11.4.1 Inverters for Photovoltaic Power Sources 471 -- 11.4.2 Converters for Wind Turbine Power Sources 472 -- 11.5 Power Electronics for Switch-Mode Power Supplies 476 -- 11.6 Performance Comparison of SiC and Silicon Power Devices 481 -- References 486 -- 12 Specialized Silicon Carbide Devices and Applications 487 -- 12.1 Microwave Devices 487 -- 12.1.1 Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs) 487 -- 12.1.2 Static Induction Transistors (SITs) 489 -- 12.1.3 Impact Ionization Avalanche Transit-Time (IMPATT) Diodes 496 -- 12.2 High-Temperature Integrated Circuits 497 -- 12.3 Sensors 499 -- 12.3.1 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensors (MEMS) 499 -- 12.3.2 Gas Sensors 500 -- 12.3.3 Optical Detectors 504 -- References 509 -- Appendix A Incomplete Dopant Ionization in 4H-SiC 511 -- References 515 -- Appendix B Properties of the Hyperbolic Functions 517 -- Appendix C Major Physical Properties of Common SiC Polytypes 521 -- C.1 Properties 521 -- C.2 Temperature and/or Doping Dependence of Major Physical Properties 522 -- References 523 -- Index 525.
• Sommario/riassunto: A comprehensive introduction and up-to-date reference to SiC power semiconductor devices covering topics from material properties to applications Based on a number of breakthroughs in SiC material science and fabrication technology in the 1980's and 1990's, the first SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were released as commercial products in 2001. The SiC SBD market has grown significantly since that time, and SBDs are now used in a variety of power systems, particularly switch-mode power supplies and motor controls. SiC power MOSFET's entered commercial production in 2011, providing rugged, high

A Big History of Globalization : The Emergence of a Global World System / / by Julia Zinkina, David Christian, Leonid Grinin, Ilya Ilyin, Alexey Andreev, Ivan Aleshkovski, Sergey Shulgin, Andrey Korotayev

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910337732503321
• Autore: Zinkina Julia
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2019
• ISBN: 9783030057077; 3030057070
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2019.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (XVIII, 284 p. 74 illus., 71 illus. in color.)
• Collana: World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures, , 2522-0993
• Disciplina: 909
• Soggetti: World history; Globalization; World History, Global and Transnational History
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction: Big History Context -- Introduction: Globalization Context -- Archaic Globalization: The Birth of the World System -- Global Dynamics 1-1800 CE: Trends and Cycles -- Proto-Modern and Early Modern Globalization. How Was the Global World Born? -- Early Modern Globalization and World Dynamics: Global Growth, Global Crisis, and Global Divergence -- The Early Modern Period: Emerging Global Processes and Institutions -- Global Technological and Economic Transformations in the Late 18th and 19th Centuries -- Global Sociopolitical Transformations of the 19th Century -- Global Sociocultural Transformations of the 19th Century -- The First “Golden Age” of Globalization (1870-1914) -- Conclusion: The Big History of Globalization Told in Ten Pages.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book presents the history of globalization as a network-based story in the context of Big History. Departing from the traditional historic discourse, in which communities, cities, and states serve as the main units of analysis, the authors instead trace the historical emergence, growth, interconnection, and merging of various types of networks that have gradually encompassed the globe. They also focus on the development of certain ideas, processes, institutions, and ; phenomena that spread through those networks to become truly global. The book specifies five macro-periods in the history of globalization and comprehensively covers the first four, from roughly the 9th – 7th millennia BC to World War I. For each period, it identifies the most important network-related developments that facilitated (or even spurred on) such transitions and had the greatest impacts on the history of globalization. By analyzing the world system's transition to new levels of complexity and connectivity, the book provides valuable insights into the course of Big History and the evolution of human societies.