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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910779500203321 |
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Autore |
Crivelli Ernesto |
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Titolo |
Local Governments’ Fiscal Balance, Privatization, and Banking Sector Reform in Transition Countries / / Ernesto Crivelli |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, D.C. : , : International Monetary Fund, , 2012 |
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ISBN |
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1-4755-5102-9 |
1-4755-3986-X |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (29 p.) |
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Collana |
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Soggetti |
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Decentralization in government |
Privatization |
Banks and Banking |
Budgeting |
Macroeconomics |
Public Finance |
Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions |
Contracting Out |
State and Local Borrowing |
Intergovernmental Relations |
Federalism |
Secession |
Banks |
Depository Institutions |
Micro Finance Institutions |
Mortgages |
Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General |
National Budget |
Budget Systems |
Debt |
Debt Management |
Sovereign Debt |
Banking |
Public ownership |
nationalization |
Budgeting & financial management |
Public finance & taxation |
Commercial banks |
Public enterprises |
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Budget planning and preparation |
Government asset and liability management |
Economic sectors |
Financial institutions |
Public financial management (PFM) |
Banks and banking |
Government business enterprises |
Budget |
Finance, Public |
Russian Federation |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Cover; Contents; I. Introduction; II. Decentralization, Fiscal Balances, and Privatization: Background; III. Empirical Specification and Data; A. Empirical Specification; B. Estimation; C. Data; IV. Results; Tables; 1. Main Results; V. Further Analysis; 2. Robustness Results; VI. Discussion and Conclusions; Appendices; A. Data; A.1. Descriptive Statistics; B. Robustness to Instrument Choice; B.1. Robustness to instrument choice: Main results; B.2. Robustness to Instrument Choice: Further Results; References |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Several transition economies have undertaken fiscal decentralization reforms over the past two decades along with liberalization, privatization, and stabilization reforms. Theory predicts that decentralization may aggravate fiscal imbalances, unless the right incentives are in place to promote fiscal discipline. This paper uses a panel of 20 transition countries over 19 years to address a central question of fact: Did privatization help to promote local governments’ fiscal discipline? The answer is clearly ‘no’ for privatization considered in isolation. However, privatization and subnational fiscal autonomy along with reforms to the banking system - restraining access to soft financing - may prove effective at improving fiscal balances among local governments. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910254103703321 |
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Autore |
Akimoto Hajime |
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Titolo |
Atmospheric Reaction Chemistry / / by Hajime Akimoto |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Tokyo : , : Springer Japan : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2016 |
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ISBN |
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Edizione |
[1st ed. 2016.] |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (448 p.) |
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Collana |
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Springer Atmospheric Sciences, , 2194-5217 |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Atmospheric science |
Environmental chemistry |
Air - Pollution |
Environmental sciences |
Chemistry, Physical and theoretical |
Atmospheric Sciences |
Environmental Chemistry |
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution |
Environmental Science and Engineering |
Physical Chemistry |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry -- Dawn of Modern Chemistry and Chemistry of Atmosphere -- Chemistry of Atmosphere to Atmospheric Chemistry -- Textbooks of Atmospheric Chemistry -- Fundamentals of Chemical Reactions -- Photochemistry and Photolytic Reactions -- Bimolecular Reactions -- Termolecular and Unimolecular Reactions -- Multiphase Heterogeneous Reactions -- Solar Radiation and Actinic Flux -- Solar Spectrum Outside of the Atmosphere -- Attenuation of Solar Radiation by N2, O2 and O3 in the Atmosphere -- Solar Zenith Angle and Air Mass -- Scattering by Atmospheric Molecule and Particles, and Surface Albedo -- Actinic Flux and Photolysis Rates -- Absorption Spectrum of Atmospheric Molecules, and Photolysis Reactions -- Solar Spectrum in the Troposphere and the Stratosphere -- Photolysis in the Troposphere -- Photolysis in the Stratosphere -- Photolysis of Inorganic Halogen Compounds -- Homogeneous |
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Elementary Reactions in the Atmosphere and Rate Constants -- Reactions of O(3P) and O(1D) Atoms -- Reactions of OH Radicals -- Reactions of HO2 and CH3O2 Radicals -- Reactions of O3 -- Reactions of NO3 Radicals -- Reactions of Cl Atoms and ClO Radicals -- Heterogeneous Reactions in the Atmosphere and Uptake Coefficients -- Uptake to Water Droplet -- Uptake to Sea Salt and Alkali Halides, and Surface Reactions -- Uptake to Soil and Mineral Dusts, and Surface Reactions -- Uptake to Soot, and Surface Reactions -- Surface Reactions on Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) -- Tropospheric Reaction Chemistry -- HOx Chain Reactions and Oxidation of Methane in the Natural Atmosphere -- Oxidation Reactions of VOC in the Polluted Atmosphere -- Production and Loss of O3 by HOx Chain Reactions -- Measurements of OH and HO2 Radicals in the Atmosphere, and Validation of Models -- Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry -- Tropospheric Sulfur Chemistry -- “Discovery” of OH Radical Chain Mechanism -- Smog Chamber -- Stratospheric Reaction Chemistry -- Pure Oxygen Atmosphere and Ozone Layer -- Ozone Loss Cycles by Trace Gases -- Gas Phase Chain Reactions and Ozone Destruction by CFC -- Multiphase Reactions on PSC and Ozone Hole -- Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This book is aimed at graduate students and research scientists interested in gaining a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry, fundamental photochemistry, and gas phase and heterogeneous reaction kinetics. It also provides all necessary spectroscopic and kinetic data, which should be useful as reference sources for research scientists in atmospheric chemistry. As an application of reaction chemistry, it provides chapters on tropospheric and stratospheric reaction chemistry, covering tropospheric ozone and photochemical oxidant formation, stratospheric ozone depletion and sulfur chemistry related to acid deposition and the stratospheric aerosol layer. This book is intended not only for students of chemistry but also particularly for non-chemistry students who are studying meteorology, radiation physics, engineering, and ecology/biology and who wish to find a useful source on reaction chemistry. |
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