The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle : Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Homeostasis / / edited by Arne Schousboe, Ursula Sonnewald

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910155331803321
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Springer, , 2016
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2016.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (X, 416 p. 55 illus., 42 illus. in color.)
• Collana: Advances in Neurobiology, , 2190-5215 ; ; 13
• Disciplina: 616.80072
• Soggetti: Neurosciences
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction to the Glutamate-Glutamine cycle -- Glucose, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, GABA, and succinate as substrates for synthesis of glutamate and GABA in the glutamine-glutamate/GABA cycle -- Anaplerosis for glutamate synthesis in the neonate and in adulthood -- Enzyme complexes important for the glutamate-glutamine cycle -- BCAA metabolism and NH3 homeostasis -- Glutaminases Vesicular Glutamate Uptake -- The glutamine transporters and their role in the Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle -- Glutamine Metabolism in Gliomas -- Oligodendrocytes: development, physiology and glucose metabolism -- Dysregulation of glutamate cycling mediates methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity -- Astroglia, glutamatergic transmission and psychiatric diseases -- Glutamine Synthetase: Role in Neurological Disorders -- The Glutamate – Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy -- Index.
• Sommario/riassunto: Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons resulted in the formulation of the term “The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle.” In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth technology, ; hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions of these different aspects of the functional importance of the glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic, excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes involved in brain function and dysfunction.

Applied chemometrics for scientists / / Richard G. Brereton

• Record Nr.: UNINA9911019452303321
• Autore: Brereton Richard G
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Chichester, England ; ; Hoboken, NJ, : John Wiley & Sons, c2007
• ISBN: 9786610838646; 9781280838644; 1280838647; 9780470057780; 0470057785; 9780470057773; 0470057777
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (397 p.)
• Classificazione: 35.05
• Disciplina: 542.30151; 543.015195
• Soggetti: Chemometrics; Analytical chemistry
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Applied Chemometrics for Scientists; Contents; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Development of Chemometrics; 1.1.1 Early Developments; 1.1.2 1980s and the Borderlines between Other Disciplines; 1.1.3 1990s and Problems of Intermediate Complexity; 1.1.4 Current Developments in Complex Problem Solving; 1.2 Application Areas; 1.3 How to Use this Book; 1.4 Literature and Other Sources of Information; References; 2 Experimental Design; 2.1 Why Design Experiments in Chemistry?; 2.2 Degrees of Freedom and Sources of Error; 2.3 Analysis of Variance and Interpretation of Errors; 2.4 Matrices, Vectors and the Pseudoinverse2.5 Design Matrices; 2.6 Factorial Designs; 2.6.1 Extending the Number of Factors; 2.6.2 Extending the Number of Levels; 2.7 An Example of a Factorial Design; 2.8 Fractional Factorial Designs; 2.9 Plackett-Burman and Taguchi Designs; 2.10 The Application of a Plackett-Burman Design to the Screening of Factors Influencing a Chemical Reaction; 2.11 Central Composite Designs; 2.12 Mixture Designs; 2.12.1 Simplex Centroid Designs; 2.12.2 Simplex Lattice Designs; 2.12.3 Constrained Mixture Designs; 2.13 A Four Component Mixture Design Used to Study Blending of Olive Oils2.14 Simplex Optimization; 2.15 Leverage and Confidence in Models; 2.16 Designs for Multivariate Calibration; References; 3 Statistical Concepts; 3.1 Statistics for Chemists; 3.2 Errors; 3.2.1 Sampling Errors; 3.2.2 Sample Preparation Errors; 3.2.3 Instrumental Noise; 3.2.4 Sources of Error; 3.3 Describing Data; 3.3.1 Descriptive Statistics; 3.3.2 Graphical Presentation; 3.3.3 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient; 3.4 The Normal Distribution; 3.4.1 Error Distributions; 3.4.2 Normal Distribution Functions and Tables; 3.4.3 Applications3.5 Is a Distribution Normal?; 3.5.1 Cumulative Frequency; 3.5.2 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test; 3.5.3 Consequences; 3.6 Hypothesis Tests; 3.7 Comparison of Means: the t-Test; 3.8 F-Test for Comparison of Variances; 3.9 Confidence in Linear Regression; 3.9.1 Linear Calibration; 3.9.2 Example; 3.9.3 Confidence of Prediction of Parameters; 3.10 More about Confidence; 3.10.1 Confidence in the Mean; 3.10.2 Confidence in the Standard Deviation; 3.11 Consequences of Outliers and How to Deal with Them; 3.12 Detection of Outliers; 3.12.1 Normal Distributions; 3.12.2 Linear Regression; 3.12.3 Multivariate Calibration3.13 Shewhart Charts; 3.14 More about Control Charts; 3.14.1 Cusum Chart; 3.14.2 Range Chart; 3.14.3 Multivariate Statistical Process Control; References; 4 Sequential Methods; 4.1 Sequential Data; 4.2 Correlograms; 4.2.1 Auto-correlograms; 4.2.2 Cross-correlograms; 4.2.3 Multivariate Correlograms; 4.3 Linear Smoothing Functions and Filters; 4.4 Fourier Transforms; 4.5 Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods; 4.5.1 Bayes' Theorem; 4.5.2 Maximum Entropy; 4.5.3 Maximum Entropy and Modelling; 4.6 Fourier Filters; 4.7 Peakshapes in Chromatography and Spectroscopy; 4.7.1 Principal Features
• Sommario/riassunto: The book introduces most of the basic tools of chemometrics including experimental design, signal analysis, statistical methods for analytical chemistry and multivariate methods. It then discusses a number of important applications including food chemistry, biological pattern recognition, reaction monitoring, optimisation of processes, medical applications. The book arises from a series of short articles that have been developed over four years on Chemweb (www.chemweb.com).