Molecular mechanisms of body water homeostasis / / Carolyn M. Ecelbarger, Dharmendra Kumar Chaudhary, Hwal Lee, Swasti Tiwari

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910153635703321
• Autore: Ecelbarger Carolyn M.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: [San Rafael, California] : , : Morgan & Claypool, , 2017
• ISBN: 1-61504-733-6
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (112 pages) : color illustrations
• Collana: Colloquium series on integrated systems physiology, , 2154-5626 ; ; # 68
• Disciplina: 572.3
• Soggetti: Osmoregulation; Water in the body; Body Water
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-97).
• Nota di contenuto: 1. Water, water everywhere -- 1.1 Chapter overview -- 1.2 Body water composition -- 1.2.1 Changes in water homeostasis over the lifespan -- 1.2.2 Body water intake requirements -- 1.3 Measurement of total body water (TBW) -- 1.3.1 Body water compartmentalization -- 1.4 Dehydration -- 1.4.1 Exercise and water requirements -- 1.5 Environmental modulators of body water composition -- 1.5.1 High altitude -- 1.5.2 Extremes in temperature or humidity -- 1.5.3 Dietary alterations --; 2. The brain, AVP, and water balance -- 2.1 Chapter overview -- 2.2 The brain -- 2.3 Vasopressin and related neuropeptides -- 2.3.1 Regulation of vasopressin production and release -- 2.4 Vasopressin receptors -- 2.4.1 Receptor cloning -- 2.4.2 Receptor activation and signaling -- 2.4.3 Receptor localization -- 2.5 Vasopressin actions -- 2.5.1 Vasopressin and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -- 2.5.2 Vasopressin and blood pressure control -- 2.5.2.1 AVPR2 are coupled to nitric oxide generation -- 2.5.2.2 Hypertension may correlate with urinary concentrating ability --; 3. Renal control of water reabsorption -- 3.1 Chapter overview -- 3.2 Blood filtration -- 3.3 The countercurrent multiplier mechanism -- 3.3.1 The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) -- 3.3.2 Gradient in the inner medulla -- 3.4 The collecting duct -- 3.5 Urea transporters -- ; 3.6 Renal aquaporins -- 3.6.1 Aquaporin 1 -- 3.6.2 Aquaporin 2 -- 3.6.2.1 Short-term AQP2 regulation -- 3.6.2.2 Long-term AQP2 regulation -- 3.6.2.3 Regulators of AQP2 -- 3.6.3 Aquaporins 3 and 4 -- 3.6.4 Other aquaporins --; 4. Hyponatremia -- 4.1 Chapter overview -- 4.2 Causes and forms of hyponatremia -- 4.3 Hyponatremia and the brain -- 4.4 Hyponatremia and bone health -- 4.5 The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) -- 4.5.1 Exercise-induced hyponatremia -- 4.6 Vasopressin escape and molecular mechanismS -- 4.7 Therapies/interventions --; 5. Diabetes insipidus -- 5.1 Chapter overview -- 5.2 Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) -- 5.3 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) -- 5.3.1 Mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor -- 5.3.2 Mutations in AQP2 -- 5.4 Acquired NDI -- 5.5 Treatments for DI --; 6. Additional pathophysiological states associated with impaired water balance -- 6.1 Chapter overview -- 6.2 Heart failure -- 6.3 Hypertension -- 6.4 Cirrhosis of the liver -- 6.5 Compulsive water drinking -- 6.6 Burn injuries -- 6.7 Medications that alter fluid dynamics -- 6.7.1 Diuretics -- 6.7.2 Aquaretics -- 6.7.3 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, subtype [gamma] (PPAR [gamma]) agonists --; References -- Author biographies.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book discusses our intimate relationship with and dependence on water, how the body regulates its water levels, and various pathophysiological states associated with impairments in body water homeostasis. The human body consists of 70-80% water. Therefore, concise control of water homeostasis is essential to survival and involves coordination of several systems, but primarily the brain and kidney systems. Water requirements of the average healthy human range between 2-4 L/d, and a major portion of this can come from food sources. The major hormonal regulator of water balance is the anti-diuretic hormone, vasopressin. Vasopressin, a 9-amino acid peptide, is produced in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary, and secreted when plasma osmolality rises. Vasopressin acts on the kidney to conserve water. The kidneys filter 180 L of blood per day, consisting of about 50-65% water, and reabsorb around 99% of this in the proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct, producing only 1-2 L of urine. The vasopressin-sensitive distal tubule and collecting duct are responsible for fine-tuning water reabsorption. Conditions exist, however, where urine cannot be concentrated effectively. This is known as diabetes insipidus and can lead to dehydration and failure to thrive. At the other extreme, hyponatremia (low serum sodium) is the inability to adequately dilute urine or get rid of free body water in excess of body needs, a serious and sometimes fatal condition.

Search for exotic Higgs boson decays to merged diphotons : a novel CMS analysis using end-to-end deep learning / / Michael Andrews

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910678250403321
• Autore: Andrews Michael <1835-1917, >
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Berlin, Germany : , : Springer, , [2023]; ©2023
• ISBN: 9783031250910; 9783031250903
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2023.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (193 pages)
• Collana: Springer Theses, Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research, , 2190-5061
• Disciplina: 006.31
• Soggetti: Deep learning (Machine learning); Higgs bosons; Particles (Nuclear physics) - Diffraction
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references.
• Nota di contenuto: Introduction -- The LHC and the CMS detector -- Theory & phenomenology -- Analysis strategy -- Data sets -- Signal selection -- a mass regression -- Analysis -- Results -- Conclusions -- Supplementary studies.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book describes the first application at CMS of deep learning algorithms trained directly on low-level, “raw” detector data, or so-called end-to-end physics reconstruction. Growing interest in searches for exotic new physics in the CMS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN has highlighted the need for a new generation of particle reconstruction algorithms. For many exotic physics searches, sensitivity is constrained not by the ability to extract information from particle-level data but by inefficiencies in the reconstruction of the particle-level quantities themselves. The technique achieves a breakthrough in the reconstruction of highly merged photon pairs that are completely unresolved in the CMS detector. This newfound ability is used to perform the first direct search for exotic Higgs boson decays to a pair of hypothetical light scalar particles H→aa, each subsequently decaying to a pair of highly merged photons a→yy, an analysis once ; thought impossible to perform. The book concludes with an outlook on potential new exotic searches made accessible by this new reconstruction paradigm.