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designs; 2.4 Electromechanical relays; 2.5 Solid-state relays; 2.6 Computer relays |
2.7 Other relay design considerations2.8 Control circuits, a beginning; 2.9 Summary; Problems; References; 3 Current and voltage transformers; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Steady-state performance of current transformers; 3.3 Transient performance of current transformers; 3.4 Special connections of current transformers; 3.5 Linear couplers and electronic current transformers; 3.6 Voltage transformers; 3.7 Coupling capacitor voltage transformers; 3.8 Transient performance of CCVTs; 3.9 Electronic voltage transformers; 3.10 Summary; Problems; References |
4 Nonpilot overcurrent protection of transmission lines4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Fuses, sectionalizers, reclosers; 4.3 Inverse, time-delay overcurrent relays; 4.4 Instantaneous overcurrent relays; 4.5 Directional overcurrent relays; 4.6 Polarizing; 4.7 Summary; Problems; References; 5 Nonpilot distance protection of transmission lines; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Stepped distance protection; 5.3 R-X diagram; 5.4 Three-phase distance relays; 5.5 Distance relay types; 5.6 Relay operation with zero voltage; 5.7 Polyphase relays; 5.8 Relays for multi-terminal lines; 5.9 Protection of parallel lines |
5.10 Effect of transmission line compensation devices5.11 Loadability of relays; 5.12 Summary; Problems; References; 6 Pilot protection of transmission lines; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Communication channels; 6.3 Tripping versus blocking; 6.4 Directional comparison blocking; 6.5 Directional comparison unblocking; 6.6 Underreaching transfer trip; 6.7 Permissive overreaching transfer trip; 6.8 Permissive underreaching transfer trip; 6.9 Phase comparison relaying; 6.10 Current differential; 6.11 Pilot wire relaying; 6.12 Multi-terminal lines; 6.13 Summary; Problems; References |
7 Rotating machinery protection7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Stator faults; 7.3 Rotor faults; 7.4 Unbalanced currents; 7.5 Overload; 7.6 Overspeed; 7.7 Abnormal voltages and frequencies; 7.8 Loss of excitation; 7.9 Loss of synchronism; 7.10 Power plant auxiliary system; 7.11 Winding connections; 7.12 Startup and motoring; 7.13 Inadvertent energization; 7.14 Torsional vibration; 7.15 Sequential tripping; 7.16 Summary; Problems; References; 8 Transformer protection; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Overcurrent protection; 8.3 Percentage differential protection; 8.4 Causes of false differential currents |
8.5 Supervised differential relays |