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A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers; Contents; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Classification; References; 2 Plasticizers; 2.1 Principle of Action; 2.2 Principle of Selection; 2.3 Characterization; 2.4 Risks and Drawbacks; 2.4.1 Leaching; 2.4.2 Inherent Toxicity; 2.5 Classes of Plasticizers; 2.5.1 Phthalate Plasticizers; 2.5.2 Cyclohexanoic Diesters; 2.5.3 Phophate Plasticizers; 2.5.4 Aliphatic Esters; 2.5.5 Polymeric Plasticizers; 2.5.6 Ionic Liquids; 2.6 Specific Examples of Application; 2.6.1 Heat Shrinkable Films; 2.6.2 Adhesive Compositions |
2.6.3 Interlayer Films for Safety Glasses2.6.4 Electrolyte Membranes; 2.6.5 Porous Electrodes; 2.6.6 Biodegradable Polymers; 2.6.7 Plasticizers for Energetic Polymers; References; 3 Fillers; 3.1 Surface Modification; 3.1.1 Siloxanes; 3.1.2 Dispersion and Coupling Additives; 3.2 Special Applications; 3.2.1 Flame Retardant Fillers; 3.2.2 Conductive Fillers; 3.2.3 Solder Precoated Fillers; 3.2.4 Nano Clays; 3.2.5 Mixed Matrix Membranes; References; 4 Colorants; 4.1 Physics Behind a Color; 4.1.1 Human Eye; 4.1.2 Tristimulus Values; 4.1.3 Color Spaces; 4.2 Color Index; 4.3 Test Standards |
4.4 Pigments4.5 Organic Colorants; References; 5 Optical Brighterners; 5.1 Basic Principles; 5.2 Measurement; 5.3 Inorganic Brighteners; 5.4 Organic Optical Brighteners; 5.4.1 Reactive Optical Brighteners; 5.4.2 Melt Extrusion; 5.4.3 Photographic Supports; References; 6 Antimicrobial Additives; 6.1 Modes of Action; 6.1.1 Types of Irritations; 6.2 Plasticizers; 6.3 Special Formulations; 6.3.1 Contact Lenses; 6.3.2 Food Packaging; 6.3.3 Polymers with Inherent Antimicrobial Properties; References; 7 Flame Retardants; 7.1 Mechanisms of Flame Retardants; 7.1.1 Flame Cooling of Halogens |
7.2 Smoke Suppressants7.3 Admixed Additives; 7.4 Bonded Additives; 7.4.1 Examples of Polymers; References; 8 Lubricants; 8.1 Principle of Action; 8.2 Methods of Incorporation; 8.2.1 Conventional Method; 8.2.2 Separate Delivery of the Lubricant; 8.3 Types of Lubricants; 8.3.1 Alcohols; 8.3.2 Fatty Acids, Esters and Amides; 8.3.3 Waxes; 8.3.4 Polymeric Lubricants; 8.4 Special Applications; 8.4.1 PVC; 8.4.2 Chlorinated PVC; 8.4.3 Electically Conductive Polymers; References; 9 Antistatic Additives; 9.1 Types of Additives; 9.2 Areas of Application; 9.3 Additives in Detail |
9.3.1 Conventional Additives9.3.2 Polymeric Additives; 9.3.3 External Antistatic Additives; 9.3.4 Intrinsically Antistatic Compositions; 9.3.5 Conductive Fillers; References; 10 Slip Agents; 10.1 Basic Principles of Action; 10.2 Compounds; 10.3 Special Formulations; 10.3.1 Poly(ethylene terephthalate); 10.3.2 Formulations for Poly(ethylene); References; 11 Surface Improvers; 11.1 Additives; 11.1.1 Fluorocarbon Compounds; 11.1.2 Acrylics; 11.1.3 Modified Pigments; 11.1.4 Organic Salts; References; 12 Nucleating Agents; 12.1 Crystalline Polymers; 12.1.1 Crystal Structures |
12.1.2 Modification of Properties by Crystallinity |