Introduction to coalgebra : towards mathematics of states and observation / / Bart Jacobs [[electronic resource]]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910150171003321
• Autore: Jacobs Bart
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cambridge : , : Cambridge University Press, , 2017
• ISBN: 1-316-83244-9; 1-316-83550-2; 1-316-83601-0; 1-316-83652-5; 1-316-82318-0; 1-316-83703-3; 1-316-83856-0
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (xvi, 477 pages) : digital, PDF file(s)
• Collana: Cambridge tracts in theoretical computer science ; ; 59
• Disciplina: 512/.46
• Soggetti: Associative algebras; Universal enveloping algebras; Algebra, Universal
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 10 Jan 2017).
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
• Sommario/riassunto: The area of coalgebra has emerged within theoretical computer science with a unifying claim: to be the mathematics of computational dynamics. It combines ideas from the theory of dynamical systems and from the theory of state-based computation. Although still in its infancy, it is an active area of research that generates wide interest. Written by one of the founders of the field, this book acts as the first mature and accessible introduction to coalgebra. It provides clear mathematical explanations, with many examples and exercises involving deterministic and non-deterministic automata, transition systems, streams, Markov chains and weighted automata. The theory is expressed in the language of category theory, which provides the right abstraction to make the similarity and duality between algebra and coalgebra explicit, and which the reader is introduced to in a hands-on ; manner. The book will be useful to mathematicians and (theoretical) computer scientists and will also be of interest to mathematical physicists, biologists and economists.

Nanobeam x-ray scattering : probing matter at the nanoscale / / Julian Stangl [and three others]

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910139013203321
• Autore: Stangl Julian
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Hoboken, New Jersey : , : John Wiley & sons, , 2013
• ISBN: 3-527-65508-5; 3-527-65506-9; 3-527-65509-3
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (284 p.)
• Disciplina: 539.7222
• Soggetti: Electron probe microanalysis; Nanotechnology; X-rays - Scattering
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Nanobeam X-Ray Scattering; Contents; Foreword; Preface; 1 Introduction; 1.1 X-ray Interaction with Matter; 1.1.1 Transmission of X-ray; 1.1.2 Diffraction of X-rays; 1.1.3 X-ray Elemental Sensitivity; 1.2 Diffraction at Different Length scales and Real-Space Resolution; 1.2.1 How to Produce an X-ray Nanobeam; 1.2.2 Experiments with Nanobeams; 1.2.3 Coherence Properties of Small Beams; 1.2.4 Side Issues ?; 1.3 Future Developments; 2 X-ray Diffraction Principles; 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Diffraction Theory; 2.1.1 Interference of X-ray Waves; 2.2 Kinematic X-ray Diffraction Theory; 2.2.1 The Structure Factor 2.2.2 The Form Factor; 2.2.3 Reciprocal Lattice of Nanostructures; 2.2.4 The Phase Problem; 2.3 Reflectivity; 2.4 Properties of X-ray Beams; 2.5 A Note on Coherence; 2.5.1 Longitudinal Coherence and Wavelength Distribution; 2.5.2 Longitudinal Coherence Length; 2.5.3 Transverse Coherence and ; Thermal Sources; 2.5.4 Transverse Coherence Length; 2.6 X-ray Sources; 2.7 Diffraction Measurement: How to Access q in a Real Experiment; 2.7.1 Diffraction Geometries; 2.7.2 Length scales; 3 X-ray Focusing Elements Characterization; 3.1 Introduction and Context; 3.2 Refractive X-ray Lenses 3.2.1 Characterization of Focusing Elements; 3.2.2 Spherical Refractive X-ray Lenses; 3.2.3 Parabolic Compound Refractive Lenses (CRL); 3.2.4 Kinoform Lenses; 3.2.5 Characteristics of the Refractive Lenses; 3.3 X-ray Mirrors. Reflection of X-rays at Surfaces; 3.3.1 Reflective X-ray Optics (Kirkpatrick-Baez Mirrors); 3.3.2 Capillaries; 3.3.3 Waveguides (Resonators); 3.3.4 Other Reflective Optical Elements; 3.4 Diffraction X-ray Optics; 3.4.1 Fresnel Zone Plates; 3.4.2 Hologram of a Point Object; 3.4.3 Quantities Characterizing a Binary Zone Plate; 3.4.4 Multilevel Zone Plate 3.4.5 Getting a Clean and Intense Focused Beam with ZPs; 3.4.6 Bragg-Fresnel Lenses; 3.4.7 Multilayer Laue Lenses; 3.4.8 Photon Sieves; 3.4.9 Beam Compressors; 3.5 Other X-ray Optics; 3.6 Measuring the Size of the X-ray Focused Spot; 3.7 Conclusion; 4 Scattering Experiments Using Nanobeams; 4.1 From the Ensemble Average Approach towards the Single Nanostructure Study; 4.1.1 A Motivation for the Use of Small X-ray Beams; 4.1.2 Required Focused Beam Properties; 4.2 Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy; 4.3 Finite Element Based Analysis of Diffraction Data; 4.4 Single Structure Inside a Device 4.5 Examples from Biology; 4.6 Recent Experiments: The Current Limits; 4.6.1 Strain Distribution in Nanoscale Ridges; 4.6.2 Between Single Structure and Ensemble Average; 4.7 Outlook; 4.7.1 Experimental Developments; 5 Nanobeam Diffraction Setups; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Typical X-ray Diffraction Setup; 5.3 Nanodiffraction Setup Requirements; 5.3.1 Diffractometer; 5.3.2 Restriction of Setup; 5.3.3 Stability: How to Keep the Beam on the Sample; 5.3.4 Beating Drifts: More Solutions; 5.4 Nanobeam and Coherence Setup; 5.5 Detectors: Pixel and Time Resolution, Dynamical Range
• Sommario/riassunto: A comprehensive overview of the possibilities and potential of X-ray scattering using nanofocused beams for probing matter at the nanoscale, including guidance on the design of nanobeam experiments. The monograph discusses various sources, including free electron lasers, synchrotron radiation and other portable and non-portable X-ray sources.For scientists using synchrotron radiation or students and scientists with a background in X-ray scattering methods in general.

Effects of health care payment models on physician practice in the United States

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910220144003321
• Autore: Friedberg Mark W.
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: RAND Corporation, 2015; [Place of publication not identified], : Rand Corporation, 2015
• ISBN: 0-8330-9023-2
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource
• Disciplina: 362.1068/1
• Soggetti: Medical care - United States - Cost control; Medical fees - United States; Physician practice patterns - United States; Practice Management; Organization and Administration; Economics; Reimbursement Mechanisms; Professional Practice; Social Sciences; Health Services Administration; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Delivery of Health Care; Financing, Organized; Health Care Economics and Organizations; Geography; Medical Economics; Public Health; Health & Biological Sciences; United States; North America; Americas; Geographic Locations
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
• Nota di contenuto: Machine generated contents note: ; ch. ONE Introduction -- Organization of This Report -- ; pt. ONE Model, Background, and Methods -- ; ch. Two Conceptual Model -- ; ch. Three Background: Scan of the Literature on Effects of Payment Models on Physician Practice -- Overview -- Payment Models Included in the Scan -- Supplementary Payment Models -- Organizational Models That Combine Payment Models -- Alternative Payment Models: Existing Evidence on Prevalence and Effects on Physician Practice Outcomes -- ; ch. Four Methods -- Overview of Methodological Approach -- Justification for Qualitative Methods -- Data Collection -- Data Analysis -- Limitations -- ; pt. TWO Results; ; Ch. Five Changes in Organizational Structure -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Six Changes in Practice Operations -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Seven Increased Importance of Data and Data Analysis -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Eight Interactions Among Payment Programs and Between Payment Programs and Government Regulations -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research; ; Ch. Nine Physician Incentives and Compensation -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Ten Physician Work and Professional Satisfaction -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Eleven Factors Limiting the Effectiveness of New Payment Models as Implemented -- Overview of Findings -- Detailed Findings -- Comparison Between Current Findings and Previously Published Research -- ; ch. Twelve Conclusions -- Challenges and Opportunities for Physicians and Physician Practices -- Challenges and Opportunities for Health Plans -- Challenges and Opportunities for Hospitals -- Challenges and Opportunities for Vendors of Electronic Health Record Systems -- Challenges and Opportunities for Regulators -- Closing.
• Sommario/riassunto: The project reported here aimed to describe the effects that alternative health care payment models have on physicians and physician practices in the United States. Project findings should help guide efforts to improve current and future alternative payment programs and help physician practices succeed in these new payment models. The report provides both findings and recommendations.