Reflexive marking in the history of French [[electronic resource] /] / Richard Waltereit

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910462184903321
• Autore: Waltereit Richard
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Amsterdam ; ; Philadelphia, : John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2012
• ISBN: 1-280-69021-6; 9786613667151; 90-272-7367-7
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (234 p.)
• Collana: Studies in language companion series ; ; v. 127
• Disciplina: 445
• Soggetti: French language - Reflexives; Grammar, Comparative and general - Reflexives; French language - History; Electronic books.
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Note generali: Description based upon print version of record.
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: Reflexive Marking in the History of French; Editorial page; Title page; LCC data; Table of contents; Preface; List of abbreviations used; Chapter 1. Introduction; 1.1 A rearrangement of the French reflexive system; 1.2 Key theoretical assumptions; 1.2.1 Construction grammar; 1.2.2 Anaphoric relations; 1.3 Reflexivity; 1.3.1 Specialized reflexives: Not necessary but near-universal; 1.3.2 Why are specialized reflexives so common in human language?; Chapter 2. Anaphora in discourse vs. in grammar; 2.1 Anaphoric relations: Grammar or discourse?; 2.1.1 Discourse vs. grammar; 2.1.2 Grammatical vs. discourse anaphors2.2 Specificity; 2.2.1 On the nature of specificity; 2.2.2 Variation of anaphor for the same antecedent; 2.2.3 Accommodating a predicate-internal argument in discourse; 2.2.4 Accommodation and specificity: The incremental production of common ground; 2.2.5 Summary; 2.3 Binding; 2.3.1 Classic issues surrounding Binding Theory; 2.3.2 At the heart of Binding Theory: Special marking of clause-mate coreference; 2.3.3 Motivation for special marking of reflexives: Seuren's True Binarity Principle; 2.3.4 Complementarity: Essential or accidental?; 2.3.5 Reflexive marking as construction-internal anaphor2.3.6 More arguments for the distinction of binding and coreference; 2.3.7 Contrasts of perspective in non-complementary reflexives; 2.3.8 On the link between binding and specificity; 2.3.9 On the preference of plural subjects for personal pronouns; 2.4 The reflexive pronoun as a litmus test for argumenthood; 2.5 Summary; Chapter 3. From reflexive to personal pronoun; 3.1 Previous studies; 3.1.1 Earlier commentators and reference grammars; 3.1.2 Warnecke (1908); 3.1.3 Brandt (1944); 3.1.4 More recent studies; 3.2 Soi vs. lui/elle in Contemporary Spoken French3.3 Clause-mate coreference in Written French; 3.3.1 Use of soi; 3.3.2 On and chacun; 3.3.3 Choice of anaphor in clause-mate coreference contexts; 3.3.4 Summary; 3.4 Spatial prepositions in Old French and the Axial Parts theory; 3.5 Animacy and specificity as relevant contrasts; 3.6 Plural subjects; 3.7 Summary; Chapter 4. Simple vs. reinforced reflexives; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Reinhart & Reuland's (1993) classification of reflexive anaphors; 4.3 Four ways of conveying reflexivity; 4.3.1 Co-indexation of arguments vs. reflexive predicate; 4.3.2 Differences and commonalities with R&R 19934.3.3 The reflexive clitic; 4.4 Même as predicate particle marking reflexivity; 4.5 Choice of lui vs. lui-même in diachrony; 4.5.1 Même excluded; 4.5.2 Même optional; 4.5.3 Même required; 4.5.4 Summary; 4.6 Même as predicate focus marker; 4.6.1 Predicate vs. argument focus; 4.6.2 Choice of anaphor in il pense à lui(même); 4.6.3 Lui vs. lui-même and the co-indexation vs. reflexivity distinction; 4.6.4 Semantic differences between lui/elle and lui/elle-même predicates; 4.7 Summary; Chapter 5. Intensifiers in French; 5.1 Intensifiers in English; 5.1.1 Intensifiers vs. reflexives
• Sommario/riassunto: While French reflexive clitics have been widely studied, other forms of expressing co-reference within the clause have not received much attention. This monograph offers a diachronic study of the wider system of clause-mate co-reference in French, including the stressed pronouns, their suffixed form {soi/lui/elle}-même, and also the intensifier use of the latter. Its empirical backbone is a corpus analysis of the gradual replacement of stressed reflexive soi with the personal pronoun lui/elle from Old to Modern French. Apart from offering insights into the history of the l

Reinforcement Learning

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910138302103321
• Autore: Weber Cornelius
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: IntechOpen, 2008
• ISBN: 953-51-5821-X
• Descrizione fisica: 1 electronic resource (434 p.)
• Soggetti: Artificial intelligence
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Sommario/riassunto: Brains rule the world, and brain-like computation is increasingly used in computers and electronic devices. Brain-like computation is about processing and interpreting data or directly putting forward and performing actions. Learning is a very important aspect. This book is on reinforcement learning which involves performing actions to achieve a goal. The first 11 chapters of this book describe and extend the scope of reinforcement learning. The remaining 11 chapters show that there is already wide usage in numerous fields. Reinforcement learning can tackle control tasks that are too complex for traditional, hand-designed, non-learning controllers. As learning computers can deal with technical complexities, the tasks of human operators remain to specify goals on increasingly higher levels. This book shows that reinforcement learning is a very dynamic area in terms of theory and applications and it shall stimulate and encourage new research in this field.

Values Deliberation and Collective Action : Community Empowerment in Rural Senegal / / by Beniamino Cislaghi, Diane Gillespie, Gerry Mackie

• Record Nr.: UNINA9910136743203321
• Autore: Cislaghi Beniamino
• Pubbl/distr/stampa: Cham : , : Springer International Publishing : , : Imprint : Palgrave Macmillan, , 2016
• ISBN: 3-319-33756-4
• Edizione: [1st ed. 2016.]
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (XIII, 211 p. 1 illus.)
• Disciplina: 303.372
• Soggetti: Social justice; Human rights; Economic development; Social Justice, Equality and Human Rights; Development Studies
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Nota di bibliografia: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Nota di contenuto: 1. Introduction -- 2. Community Values and Aspirations as the CEP Arrives -- 3. Tostan’s Instructional Strategies -- 4. Learning and Values Deliberations During the Democracy and Human Rights Sessions (DHRS), 2010 -- 5. One and a Half Years After the Democracy and Human Rights Sessions, 2011 -- 6. Long-Term Program Results -- 7. Analysis: How Values Deliberations Lead to Community Empowerment -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. References -- 10. Appendices.
• Sommario/riassunto: This book describes how a program of values deliberations–-sustained group reflections on local values, aspirations, beliefs and experiences, blending with discussions of how to understand and to realize human rights--led to individual and collective empowerment in communities in rural Senegal. The study explains what happens during the deliberations and shows how they bring about a larger process that results in improved capabilities in areas such as education, health, child protection, and gender equality. It shows how participants, particularly women, enhance their agency, including their individual and collective capacities to play public roles and kindle community action. It thus provides important insights on how values deliberations help to revise ; adverse gender norms.