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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910136406503321 |
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Autore |
Susanne Schmid |
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Titolo |
Habituation mechanisms and their impact on cognitive function / / Susanne Schmid, Donald A. Wilson and Catharine H. Rankin |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Frontiers Media SA, 2015 |
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Switzerland : , : Frontiers Media SA, , 2015 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (110 pages) : b illustrations; digital, PDF file(s) |
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Collana |
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Frontiers Research Topics |
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Soggetti |
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Learning and memory |
Habituation |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references. |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Habituation describes the progressive decrease of the amplitude or frequency of a motor response to repeated sensory stimulation that is not caused by sensory receptor adaptation or motor fatigue. Habituation can occur in different time scales: habituation within a testing session has been termed short-term habituation, whereas habituation across testing sessions has been termed long-term habituation. Generally, the more spaced the stimuli for inducing habituation are presented (i.e. the slower habituation is induced), the longer it seems to take to recover the behavioural response to its initial magnitude. Habituation is opposed by behavioural sensitization, which is thought to be an independent mechanism that leads to an increased behavioural response, especially if the sensory stimulus is annoying or aversive. Habituation provides an important mechanism for filtering sensory information, as it allows filtering out irrelevant stimuli and thereby focussing on important stimuli, a prerequisite for many cognitive tasks. The importance is demonstrated in mental disorders that are associated with disruptions in habituation, e.g. schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. The inability to filter out irrelevant information in patients with these disorders strongly correlates with disruptions in higher cognitive functions, such as in different types of |
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memory and attention. Habituation is also considered to be the most basic form of non-associative implicit learning, and it can be observed throughout the animal kingdom. Based on the importance of habituation for cognitive function and therefore for the survival of an animal, it is assumed that habituation mechanisms are highly conserved across species. On the other hand, there is emerging evidence for a multitude of homo- and heterosynaptic mechanisms underlying habituation, depending on the modality of sensory stimulation, the level of sensory information processing where habituation occurs, and the temporal composition of sensory stimulation. Eric Kandel used the sea hare Aplysia in order to study habituation mechanisms of the gill withdrawal reflex; however, the molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive to date. A multitude of different organisms, behaviours, and experimental approaches have been used since in order to study habituation, but still surprisingly little is known about the underlying mechanisms. New insights also come from an unexpected side: in the recent past, groups that have been studying molecular mechanisms underlying short- and long-term synaptic plasticity phenomenons in different parts of the rodent brain are starting to link these plasticity processes to behavioural habituation. The scope of this Frontier Research Topic is to give an overview over the concept of habituation, different animal and behavioural models used for studying habituation mechanisms, as well as the different synaptic and molecular processes suggested to play a role in behavioural habituation through Original Research Articles, Methods, Hypothesis & Theory Articles, and Reviews. |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910790060703321 |
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Autore |
Darowski Adam |
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Titolo |
Falls [[electronic resource] /] / Adam Darowski |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Oxford ; ; New York, : Oxford University Press, c2008 |
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ISBN |
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1-383-04487-2 |
1-283-58034-9 |
9786613892799 |
0-19-156203-3 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (201 p.) |
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Collana |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Falls (Accidents) |
Accidents - Prevention |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Contents; 1 Introduction; 2 How do we stay upright?; 3 Why do people fall?; 4 What causes simple falls? Trips, slips, and the effects of illness; 5 How do poor balance and muscle weakness contribute to falls?; 6 Difficulty in walking and poor gait; 7 What causes giddiness?; 8 What is vertigo?; 9 How can the heart and circulation contribute to falls?; 10 Medicines and falls; 11 Confusion, poor memory, and falls; 12 Visual problems that can contribute to falls; 13 How does neurological disease cause falls?; 14 Osteoporosis and falls; 15 Fear of falling |
16 How do falls affect the family and carers?17 How to improve strength and balance; 18 What is the role of falls groups and exercise classes?; 19 How can your world be made safer?; 20 How can walking aids help?; 21 What role do diet and vitamin deficiencies have in causing falls?; 22 What causes falls in care homes?; 23 Why do people fall in hospital?; 24 What should I do if I fall?; Glossary; A; B; C; D; F; G; H; I; L; M; O; P; S; T; V; Index; A; B; C; D; E; F; G; H; I; J; K; L; M; N; O; P; Q; R; S; T; U; V; W; Y; Z |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Many people see falling as an inevitable part of growing older, and falls can result in serious injuries. As we age, deterioration in our ability to maintain balance, underlying illnesses, or disabilities can result in falls. Currently, one in eight patients in hospital are admitted due to a fall, |
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and 50% of people over 80 years old fall every year.It is almost always possible to minimize the chances of falling, and to make our personal environment safer for when falls do occur. This book covers all aspects of falls, explaining why they happen, the common consequences, and what can be done to |
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3. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910774596003321 |
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Autore |
Veen Mirjam van |
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Titolo |
Dutch Reformed Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550–1620 : A Reformation of Refugees / / Mirjam van Veen, Jesse Spohnholz |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Woodbridge, Suffolk : , : Boydell and Brewer, , [2024] |
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©2024 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (288 p.) : 3 b/w illus |
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Collana |
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Changing Perspectives on Early Modern Europe ; ; 23 |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Dutch - Holy Roman Empire - Religious life and customs |
Intergroup relations - Holy Roman Empire |
Reformed (Reformed Church) - Holy Roman Empire |
Religious refugees - Holy Roman Empire |
Religious refugees - Netherlands |
RELIGION / History |
Holy Roman Empire Church history 16th century |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter One. Leaving Home -- Chapter Two. Foreign Accommodations -- Chapter Three. Strangers and Neighbors -- Chapter Four. Managing Worship -- Chapter Five. Living in Diaspora -- Chapter Six. Returning and Remembering -- Afterword -- Bibliography -- Index |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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Examines the diverse experiences of Reformed Protestant religious refugees fleeing war and persecution in the Netherlands for cities and towns in the Holy Roman Empire in the late sixteenth century.Starting |
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in the mid-sixteenth century, widespread persecution and war forced tens of thousands of Reformed Protestants in the Netherlands to flee their homes for new communities in England and the Holy Roman Empire. This book follows those refugees who escaped to large cities and small towns to the east and southeast, up the Rhine River watershed. The comprehensive approach taken here examines these forced migrations from political, intellectual, social, cultural, religious, and linguistic perspectives, including using a large prosopographical database to track refugees' movements and experiences. It challenges scholars' claims that Reformed Protestants developed more doctrinal, volunteeristic, and well-organized churches particularly capable of surviving the challenges of persecution and exile. Instead, the authors show, refugees proved remarkably willing to compromise and adapt, even as they built new relationships with the unfamiliar people they met abroad. Based on an extensive collaboration between two senior scholars with different training and intellectual backgrounds and the team of researchers they led, this book challenges conventional wisdom about refugees and forced migrations in early modern Europe.Upon publication, this book is openly available in digital formats thanks to generous funding from the Dutch Research Council. |
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