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1. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910463217403321 |
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Autore |
Peppercorn Ira Gary |
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Titolo |
Rental housing [[electronic resource] ] : lessons from international experience and policies for emerging markets / / Ira Gary Peppercorn and Claude Taffin |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Washington, D.C., : World Bank, c2013 |
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ISBN |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (177 p.) |
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Collana |
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Directions in development Finance |
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Altri autori (Persone) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Rental housing - Developing countries |
Housing policy - Developing countries |
Electronic books. |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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C1; C2; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Executive Summary; Abbreviations; Chapter 1 Introduction; What This Book Will Do; Rationale for Developing Rental Housing; Tables; Table 1.1 Housing Tenure, Selected Countries and Cities; Note; References; Chapter 2 The Rental Market and Its Players; Abstract; Introduction; The Owners: Understanding the Potential Supply; Boxes; Box 2.1 Real Estate Investment Trusts; The Tenants: Understanding the Potential Demand; Table 2.1 Kenya and Senegal: Demographics and Income, Owner-Occupiers and Tenants; Financial Issues |
Box 2.2 Investment Property DatabankFigures; Figure B2.2.1 IDP Global Annual Property Index, 2010; Table 2.2 Mexico: Distribution of Households by Type of Employment and Income Level; Alternative Tenure Forms; Notes; References; Chapter 3 Legal, Tax, and Financial Issues; Abstract; Legal Issues; Figure 3.1 England: Privately Renting Households; Table 3.1 European Union: Private Rent Setting, Main Options; Box 3.1 Arab Republic of Egypt: Rent Decontrol in Midstream; Tax Issues; Box 3.2 Morocco: Revision of Legal Status of Rental; Table 3.2 Taxes on Private Rental Housing, Selected Countries |
Financing: The Role of CreditBox 3.3 United States: FHA's Multifamily Insurance Program; Box 3.4 Europe: Diversity of Social Housing Finance; Subsidies; Box 3.5 United States: Low-Income Housing Tax |
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Credit Program; Figure 3.2 Poland: Finance Plan for TBS Programs; Notes; References; Chapter 4 Recommendations and Conclusion; Abstract; Introduction; Assessment of the Rental Sector; Legal and Contractual Framework; Tax Issues; Box 4.1 Quebec (Canada): The Regie du logement; Finance; Subsidies; Reference; Chapter 5 Country Experiences; Brazil |
Table 5.1 Brazil: Occupancy Types by Household, 2001 and 2009Box 5.1 Brazil: From Residential Leasing to "My House, My Life"; China; Figure 5.1 China: Tenure Distribution; Table 5.2 China: Taxation of Urban Property; Czech Republic; France; Figure 5.2 France: Distribution of Rental Stock by Type of Owner, 2009; Germany; Figure 5.3 Germany: Distribution of Rental Housing Stock by Type of Landlord; Republic of Korea; Figure 5.4 Republic of Korea: Supply of New Housing by Sector; Table 5.3 Republic of Korea: Households by Tenure, 1980-2010 |
Table 5.4 Republic of Korea: Rent-to-Income Ratio by Income Group and RegionMexico; Table 5.5 Mexico: Distribution of Households by Type of Employment and Income Level; Table 5.6 Mexico: Distribution of Households by Tenure and Income Level; Poland; Russian Federation; Singapore; Table 5.7 Singapore: Key Housing Sector Indicators; Table 5.8 Singapore: Annual Average Rate of Change in Housing Prices and Rents; Figure 5.5 Singapore: Rate of Change in Housing Prices and Rents; Thailand; Table 5.9 Thailand: Housing Characteristics, National and Bangkok |
Table 5.10 Thailand: Main Residence by Tenure |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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The vast majority of rental housing around the world is unsubsidized and in private hands. Everywhere there are great needs for safe, decent, and affordable housing at the lowest income levels. A few countries-mostly developed ones-have a sizable social rental sector, yet even here the demand cannot be met and there are often long waiting lists for subsidized housing in the main cities. In most emerging economies, the only affordable rentals available are in the informal sector, with poor housing conditions and little security of tenure.This book is an effort to bring rental housing to the for |
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2. |
Record Nr. |
UNINA9910132156503321 |
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Autore |
Fuchigami Toshio |
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Titolo |
Fundamentals and applications of organic electrochemistry : synthesis, materials, devices / / Toshio Fuchigami, Mahito Atobe, Shinsuke Inagi |
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Pubbl/distr/stampa |
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Chichester, England : , : Wiley, , 2015 |
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©2015 |
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ISBN |
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1-118-67074-4 |
1-118-67075-2 |
1-118-67073-6 |
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Descrizione fisica |
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1 online resource (241 p.) |
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Disciplina |
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Soggetti |
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Organic electrochemistry |
Electrochemistry |
Chemistry, Organic |
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Lingua di pubblicazione |
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Formato |
Materiale a stampa |
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Livello bibliografico |
Monografia |
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Note generali |
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Description based upon print version of record. |
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Nota di bibliografia |
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Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. |
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Nota di contenuto |
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Fundamentals and Applications of Organic Electrochemistry: Synthesis, Materials, Devices; Contents; About the Authors; Preface; Introduction; 1. Fundamental Principles of Organic Electrochemistry: Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemistry Dealing with Organic Molecules; 1.1 FORMATION OF ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER; 1.2 ELECTRODE POTENTIALS (REDOX POTENTIALS); 1.3 ACTIVATION ENERGY AND OVERPOTENTIAL; 1.4 CURRENTS CONTROLLED BY ELECTRON TRANSFER AND MASS TRANSPORT; References; 2. Method for Study of Organic Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Measurements of Organic Molecules; 2.1 WORKING ELECTRODES |
2.2 REFERENCE ELECTRODES2.3 AUXILIARY ELECTRODES; 2.4 SOLVENTS AND SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTES; 2.5 CELLS AND POWER SOURCES; 2.6 STEADY-STATE AND NON-STEADY-STATES POLARIZATION CURVES; 2.7 POTENTIALS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS; 2.8 UTILIZATION OF VOLTAMMETRY FOR THE STUDY OF ORGANIC ELECTROSYNTHESIS; 2.8.1 Voltammetric Analysis for Selective Electrosynthesis; 2.8.2 Clarification of the Reaction Mechanism; 2.8.3 Voltammetry for |
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Selection of Mediator; 2.8.4 Voltammetry for Selection of Electrode Material; References; 3. Methods for Organic Electrosynthesis; 3.1 SELECTION OF ELECTROLYTIC CELLS |
3.2 CONSTANT CURRENT ELECTROLYSIS AND CONSTANT POTENTIAL ELECTROLYSIS3.3 DIRECT ELECTROLYSIS AND INDIRECT ELECTROLYSIS; 3.4 ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND REFERENCE ELECTRODES; 3.5 ELECTROLYTIC SOLVENTS AND SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTES; 3.6 STIRRING; 3.7 TRACKING OF REACTANT AND PRODUCT; 3.8 WORK-UP, ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION OF PRODUCTS; 3.9 CURRENT EFFICIENCY AND EFFECT OF THE POWER UNIT; References; 4. Organic Electrode Reactions; 4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRODE REACTIONS; 4.2 MECHANISM OF ORGANIC ELECTRODE REACTIONS; 4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONS; 4.3.1 Umpolung |
4.3.2 Selectivity4.3.2.1 Chemoselectivity; 4.3.2.2 Reaction Pathway Selectivity; 4.3.2.3 Regioselectivity; 4.3.2.4 Stereoselectivity; 4.3.2.5 Selectivity Depending on Electrode Materials; 4.4 MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND ELECTRONS RELATED TO ELECTRON TRANSFER; 4.5 ELECTROAUXILIARIES; 4.5.1 Electroauxiliaries Based on Molecular Orbital Interactions; 4.5.2 Electroauxiliaries Based on Readily Electron-Transferable Functional Groups; 4.5.3 Electroauxiliaries Based on Intermolecular Coordination Effects; 4.5.4 Electroauxiliaries Based on Intramolecular Coordination Effects |
4.6 REACTION PATTERN OF ORGANIC ELECTRODE REACTIONS4.6.1 Transformation Type of Functional Group; 4.6.2 Addition Type; 4.6.3 Insertion Type; 4.6.4 Substitution Type; 4.6.5 Substitutive Exchange Type; 4.6.6 Elimination Type; 4.6.7 Dimerization Type; 4.6.8 Crossed Dimerization; 4.6.9 Cyclization Type; 4.6.10 Polymorphism Formation Type; 4.6.11 Polymerization Type; 4.6.12 Cleavage Type; 4.6.13 Metalation Type; 4.6.14 Asymmetric Synthesis Type; 4.7 ELECTROCHEMICALLY GENERATED REACTIVE SPECIES; 4.7.1 Carbon Species; 4.7.1.1 Anodically Generated Carbon Species |
4.7.1.2 Cathodically Generated Carbon Species |
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Sommario/riassunto |
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This textbook is an accessible overview of the broad field of organic electrochemistry, covering the fundamentals and applications of contemporary organic electrochemistry. The book begins with an introduction to the fundamental aspects of electrode electron transfer and methods for the electrochemical measurement of organic molecules. It then goes on to discuss organic electrosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules, including detailed experimental information for the electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds and conducting polymers. Later chapters highlight new methodology for organic |
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